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H. heidelbergensis age
middle pleistocene
distribution of homo erectus
1Myr-500Kyr; spread across most of the tropical old world; europe/asia/africa/australia; successful population
what is a mauer
mandible species
H. erectus Trinil vs. H. heidelbergensis Petralona comparison
had complete craniums
H. erectus Zhoukoudian vs. H. heidelbergensis Petralona comparison
had complete craniums, no major difference between the distance between orbits, brain size is just slightly larger in heidelbergensis
H. heidelbergensis regions
Europe, Petralona (Greece), Asia, Dali (China), and Africa, Kabwe (Zambia)
H. heidelbergensis regions significance
some gene flow between difference regions evident from common anatomical features; didn’t behave radically different from H. erectus; some level of behavioral sophistication
what was the distribution of H. heidelbergensis
Africa 600-250 Kya; Asia 500-200 Kya; Europe 500-300 Kya
were H. heidelbergensis in indonesia
no, in indonesia there were still homo erectus 1.5mya to 200 kya
where were H. floresiensis found/isolated
only on island Flores (Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia); must cross deep water
what did H. floresiensis look like when they found them?
LBI partial skeleton + skull; homo erectus-like, very small (less than 4ft), very small brains (went against trend of larger body and brain size)
what else was found at the site on flores
stone tools; confirmed that you don’t need large brains to use tools
H. floresiensis brain shape
resembled H. erectus rather than H. sapiens, Pan, and microcephalic humans
what did the H. floresiensis brain shape indicate
that there is some link between floresiensis and erectus; possibly due to insular dwarfism
what is insular dwarfism
organisms on an island tend to converge towards the same size
possible explanations for insular dwarfism
if an organism is smaller, there’s more food and resources to go around
small-bodied animals can increase in size due to lack of predators
population of H. erectus could’ve shrunk bc of island isolation
what did the brain shape of H. floresiensis reveal
brain organization may be more important than brain size; biological processes affecting other animals can affect humans also
H. naledi region
rising star, South Africa; had very small tiny caves to crawl in
what was peculiar about the caves in Rising Star, South Africa
there were no animal bodies, only human; indicates potential intentional disposal of dead; no major openings, could have dragged dead bodies through tiny openings
world map during distribution of H. heidelbergnesis
european population undergoes decent amount of evolutionary change because of periodic environmental change
Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos
pit of bones found in Spain
what was peculiar about Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos
it was a cavern mostly horizontal but there’s a pit from water dissolving the limestone that drops down; people drop down the hole
what was speculated about the Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos
could have been a symbolic process or could have just disposed bodies there
Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos age
300-400,000 years ago in the middle of the pleistocene period
Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos fossil info
17 different crania constructed
80% of hominin fossils come from this pit (large brain hominins)
features of the skulls that came from Atapuerca – Sima de Los Huesos
nose is really large as if the entire center part of the face hsa been pulled outward and forward
M shaped eyebrow bones = double arching of brow ridges
mandible has a distinct feature from the side = gap between last molar and ascending upper part of the mandible (retromolar gap)
these are the primary features that represent European hominins t that come later on
what was the purpose of the retromolar gap
no functional purpose but shows that the face has been pulled outward
what do the 4 features that represent European hominins show
shows a population that is in transition
