AP World ULTIMATE Review

Confucianism: Five Key Relationships

Ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger, friend-friend.

Basic Concepts of Confucianism

Filial piety, social harmony, and respect for authority.

Main Beliefs of Daoism

Emphasizes harmony with nature, simple living, and following the Dao ("the Way").

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that boosted agricultural productivity in Song China.

The Grand Canal

An inland waterway built to connect northern and southern China, promoting economic integration and trade.

Gunpowder

Innovated in China during the Song dynasty, eventually used in weaponry and military tactics.

Mandate of Heaven

Belief that Chinese emperors were granted the right to rule by heaven, which justified the rise and fall of dynasties.

Shared Characteristics of Abrahamic Religions

Monotheistic, belief in prophets, sacred texts, and ethical guidelines.

Islamic Contributions to Science

Advancements in medicine, algebra, astronomy, and the preservation of Greek and Roman knowledge.

Main Beliefs of Buddhism

Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path aimed at achieving enlightenment (Nirvana).

Buddhist Challenge to Social Hierarchy

Rejected the rigid caste system in India by emphasizing individual spiritual progress.

Main Beliefs of Hinduism

Belief in karma, dharma (duty), samsara (rebirth), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).

Merchants' Role in Spreading Islam to South Asia

Trade networks facilitated cultural exchanges and the spread of Islam through merchant communities.

Swahili Coast City-States

Independent city-states on the East African coast, thriving through Indian Ocean trade.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful trade-based kingdom in Southern Africa known for its stone architecture and trade links to the Indian Ocean.

Mali Empire

West African empire, rich from controlling gold-salt trade, and known for Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca.

Feudalism

A decentralized political system where land is exchanged for military service and protection.

Manorialism

An economic system centered around self-sufficient estates run by lords and worked by serfs.

Serfdom

A system where peasants were bound to the land and provided labor in exchange for protection.

Impact of the Crusades

Exposure to Middle Eastern trade and knowledge, weakening of the feudal system in Europe.

Status of Women in the Middle Ages

Limited rights and roles, though European women had slightly more autonomy than women in Song China.

Geography of the Silk Road

Trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Paper Money on the Silk Roads

Facilitated trade by making transactions easier and promoting economic growth.

Geographic Location of the Mongol Empire

Stretched across Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and parts of Europe.

Development of the Mongol Empire

Unified under Genghis Khan, expanded through conquest, later split into khanates.

Mongol Contributions to Global Trade

Protected and expanded the Silk Road, promoting trade and cultural exchange.

Mongol Rule Methods

Varied by region; tolerant in Persia and China, harsher in Russia.

Major Goods Traded Along the Indian Ocean

Spices, textiles, ivory, gold, and precious stones.

Religious Connections to Indian Ocean Trade: Buddhism

Spread through maritime trade routes from India to Southeast Asia.

Religious Connections to Indian Ocean Trade: Islam

Spread through merchant interactions and trade across the Indian Ocean.

Role of Monsoon Winds in Indian Ocean Trade

Seasonal winds that enabled more efficient travel between East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

People Who Traded Along the Indian Ocean

Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and East Africans.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network and Islam

Islam spread through trade and cultural exchange in North and West Africa.

Role of Caravanserai in Trans-Saharan Trade

Roadside inns that provided safety and rest for traders, boosting long-distance trade.

Major Goods Traded Along Trans-Saharan Routes

Gold, salt, ivory, and slaves.

Mali Empire and the Trans-Saharan Trade

Mali gained wealth by controlling the gold-salt trade, helping the empire to flourish.

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

Both traveled widely and documented their journeys, but had different focuses: Marco Polo on trade and Ibn Battuta on Islamic culture.

Causes and Effects of the Black Death

Spread along trade routes, caused massive population loss, weakened economies, and shifted power structures.

Chinese dynasties in order (4)

Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing

What dynasty did the mongols create

Yuan

What did the Chinese do after they kicked out the mongols

created the Ming Dynasty and created a centralized government with the use of the civil service exam and built a larger military

What does it mean to have a centralized government

One group makes most of the laws with little to no input from others

What is confucianism

system of ethics focusing on harmony and respect for others

What is neo confucianism

Confucian ideas mixed with buddhism and daoism

How did cultural traditions spread in unit one?

Books, scrolls, and merchants

What was the role of women in unit one China?

Women rarely held public positions and mainly cared for the family

What inventions were invented in unit 1 China?

Compass, ships, caravans, paper money

What was sufism and what was its impact on Islam

Islamic mysticism; it played a large part in spreading Islam

What is the Abbasid Caliphate?

An Islamic dynasty that was based in Baghdad but fragmented eventually and was taken over by the Mongols in 1250s

What was the Delhi Sultanate?

Islamic rule in South Asia (synthesis). It was conquered by Turkic military leaders who conquered parts of India

What inventions were invented in unit 1 Islam?

Advancements in science and libraries

What is the Mongol Empire?

Empire founded by Genghis Khan, that used the Silk Road and later split into the khanates

What was the Bhakti Movement

Movement in Unit 1 that rejected the caste system

What was the Aztec Empire

Civilization with tribute system

What was the Inca Empire?

Large civilization with advanced agricultural practices and transportation

What was the Maya Empire?

Civilization with knowledge in maths. They never unified into a single nation and have rivalries with neighbors.

What was the Mit’a System?

System used by the Incans where communities had to send workers to fulfill state projects (like mines)

What is the tribute system?

Conquered people would provide the (originally) Chinese with gifts in exchange for protection and benefits.

What was the Hausa Kingdoms?

Unit 1 - City states in present day Nigeria with innovations (water systems) and trade

What religions were most prevalent in euro medieval times

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

Order of feudalism

Peasant, knights, nobles, King

What was the manorial system?

System where lords held serfs to land

What were the crusades?

Religious military campaigns with aim to retake christian land from Muslim control

How did China, Europe, and the Ottomans legitimize authority (unit 1)?

Mandate of heaven, Divine Right, and Jannisaries

What were the centralized (4) and Fragmented kingdoms (4) in unit 1?

Centralized: China (Yuan and Ming), Incas, Mali, and Delhi Sultanate

Fragmented: Euro Feudal kingdoms, Maya, Japanese shogunate, Hausa city-states

What made kingdoms centralized or Fragmented in unit one?

Geographical challenges, transport, communication, and historical traditions

What were East Asian states like in unit one?

Confucian bureaucracy with civil service exams and it was strong and centralized

What were the Mongols like before they fell?

They had a very strong military (strategic and used archery) and claimed lots of territory

What were the 4 khanates

Yuan China, Ilkhanate in Persia, Golden Horde in Russia, and Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia.

What was Pax Mongolica

Period of Peace that safely facilitated trade across the Mongol empire

What did the Malacca Strait, Guangzhou, and Calicut have in common

Strategic locations, religious tolerance, and specialized markets

What was Guangzhou?

China’s main southern port

What did Calicut do in era 1?

Dominated spice trade with Middle East (India)

What were some effects of the IOT?

Creation of diasporic communities, spread of Chinese practices and goods, and spread of architectural designs

What is the Ghana empire known for (Era 1)

Becoming very wealthy from TS trade (gold and salt)

Innovations from TS T

Camel saddles, caravans

Who was Ibn Battuta and where did he go?

A moroccan scholar, E. Africa, India, SE Asia, China

How did Islam spread in era 1?

Connections, not conquest

What were some examples of urban decline in era 1?

Mongol conquest destroyed cities and the black death killed many

Where did Marco Polo go and what did he do?

He traveled the silk roads and served court of Kublai Khan

How did the black death spread?

Silk roads (merchants were the vessels)

What did the Indian OT do?

Connected coastal areas through monsoon winds and traded spices

What were caravanserai?

Rest areas along the Silk roads with lodging, storage, and places to trade

Challenges of the Indian Ocean Trade

Monsoon winds, pirates

Challenges of the TS Trade

Extreme droughts and water scarcity

Challenges of the Silk Roads

Harsh climate and political fragmentation

What did the Silk roads do?

Connect E. Asia to Mediterranean sea, spread religions (Buddhism), and used camels

Margery Kempe

Made religious pilgrimages in Era 1

What type of products did the Silk roads focus on

High value, low bulk

What type of products did the Indian OT focus on

High value, bulk

What type of products did the TS trade focus on

Low value

In 1450-1750, how did land based empire expand?

Through military conquest for access to trade, land, or labor

What were the gunpowder empires?

Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires

What was the Ottoman empire

It was an muslim empire known for its artillery and gov and ruled Europe, Asia, and Africa from 1270-1900

What was the Safavid empire

Persian empire that was known for artillery and ruled modern down Iran and Iraq from 1500-1750

What was the Mughal Empire

Muslim dynasty known for artillery and ruled Pakistan and India from 1525–1860

Tokugawa Shogunate

Period of relative peace in Japan from 1603-1870 known for isolationist policies and feudalism with centralized gov

What are bureaucratic elites

High positioned members of gov appointed rather than elected

Divine Right

God gave them the authority to rule (Used by Europe)

Devshirme System

Christian Balkan boys who were taken from families and converted to Islam and trained for government jobs or military (janissaries)