Introduction to Human Anatomy, Physiology, and the Chemical Basis of Life

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering fundamental concepts in Human Anatomy, Physiology, levels of organization, homeostatic mechanisms, and chemical foundations of life from Chapters 1 and 2.

Anatomy is derived from the Greek phrase meaning __________.

a cutting up

Physiology is derived from the Greek phrase meaning __________.

relationship to nature

The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the __________.

cell

Noninvasive imaging that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of soft internal structures is called __________.

ultrasound

The state of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body is known as __________.

homeostasis

In a homeostatic mechanism, the component that detects and provides information about stimuli is the __________.

receptor

Regulation of body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels occur via __________ feedback mechanisms.

negative

Blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth are controlled by __________ feedback mechanisms.

positive

The human body is divided into two main portions: the appendicular portion and the __________ portion.

axial

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the __________.

diaphragm

The inner layer of a double-layered serous membrane that directly covers an internal organ is the __________ layer.

visceral

A longitudinal cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions is called a __________ section.

median

In anatomical terminology, a structure that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another structure is described as __________.

proximal

There are __________ naturally occurring elements found in matter.

$$92$$

Elements required by the human body in large amounts, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are called __________ elements.

bulk

A subatomic particle that carries a single positive electrical charge and is located within the atomic nucleus is a __________.

proton

Atoms of a specific element that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called __________.

isotopes

The radioactive isotope __________ is used medically to detect and destroy cancerous thyroid tissue.

iodine-131

For atoms with atomic numbers of $18$ or less, the first electron shell can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.

$$2$$

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons is called a __________.

cation

Strong chemical bonds formed between atoms that share electrons are called __________ bonds.

covalent

A polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared __________ between atoms with different electronegativities.

unequally

Electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions ($H^+$) are defined as __________.

acids

The normal homeostatic range for blood $pH$ in humans is between $7.35$ and __________.

$$7.45$$

Chemicals that resist changes in $pH$ by binding or releasing $H^+$ ions are called __________.

buffers

Single sugars such as glucose and fructose are classified as __________.

monosaccharides

A triglyceride molecule is composed of one molecule of glycerol and three __________ molecules.

fatty acid

Fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds are classified as __________ fatty acids.

unsaturated

The main steroid found in the human body, which serves as a component of cell membranes and a precursor for sex hormones, is __________.

cholesterol

Amino acids in a protein chain are linked together by chemical bonds called __________ bonds.

peptide

The unique three-dimensional folded shape or conformation of a single polypeptide chain represents its __________ structure.

tertiary

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are __________, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic base.

nucleotides

DNA contains the sugar __________, whereas RNA contains the sugar ribose.

deoxyribose

An imaging modality that uses radioactive isotopes emitting positrons to measure biochemical activity in tissues is __________ imaging.

PET