JAA, EASA & FAA Regulatory Frameworks

JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities)

Founded 1971. 42 European states. Developed JARs. Dissolved 2009.

JAA headquarters

Hoofddorp, Netherlands.

JAA weakness

NO binding legal authority. JARs VOLUNTARILY adopted. Consensus voting = slow.

JAA Committee

Plenary body – consensus voting. Every member had to agree.

JAA regulatory branch

Developed Joint Aviation Requirements (JARs).

JAA certification branch

Handled aircraft type certification coordination.

JAA operations branch

Airline operational standards (JAR-OPS).

JAA maintenance branch

MRO requirements (JAR-145, JAR-66).

JARs – Book 1

REQUIREMENTS – actual mandatory standards.

JARs – Book 2

AMC

JAR-1

Definitions.

JAR-21

Certification procedures – equivalent to FAR Part 21.

JAR-23

Normal category aircraft ≤5,700 kg – equivalent to FAR Part 23.

JAR-25

Large aeroplanes – equivalent to FAR Part 25.

JAR-27

Small rotorcraft ≤3,175 kg – equivalent to FAR Part 27.

JAR-29

Large rotorcraft – equivalent to FAR Part 29.

JAR-E

Aircraft engines – equivalent to FAR Part 33.

JAR-P

Propellers – equivalent to FAR Part 35.

JAR-145

Maintenance organizations – equivalent to FAR Part 145.

JAR-66

Aircraft maintenance engineer licensing.

JAR-OPS 1

Airline operations.

JAR-FCL 1

2

JAA-ECAC relationship

JAA was ECAC associated body – NOT legal entity.

EASA founded

2002 (EC 1592

EASA headquarters

Cologne, Germany.

EASA members

31 states: 27 EU + 4 EFTA.

EASA Basic Regulation

Current: EU 2018

EASA key difference

BINDING LEGAL AUTHORITY. Regulations are EU law.

EASA Layer 1

Basic Regulation 2018

EASA Layer 2

Implementing Regulations (BINDING) – Part 21, 145, 66, ORO, CAT, FCL.

EASA Layer 3

CS

EASA Management Board

Oversees work, approves budget.

EASA Executive Director

Chief executive. Currently Florian Guillemet.

EASA Airworthiness (AIR)

Product safety – type certification, STC, ETSO.

EASA Flight Standards (FS)

Operations, crew licensing, aerodromes.

EASA Product Safety (PS)

Safety investigations, ADs.

EASA International Cooperation (IC)

BASAs, TCAs.

Part-21

Certification procedures – TC, STC, DOA, POA, C of A, ETSO.

Part-21 Subpart B

Type Certificate (TC) – approval of type design.

Part-21 Subpart D

Changes to type design.

Part-21 Subpart E

Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) – major modifications.

Part-21 Subpart G

Production Organisation Approval (POA) – manufacturer.

Part-21 Subpart H

Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) – individual aircraft.

Part-21 Subpart I

Noise Certificate – required for international operations.

Part-21 Subpart J

Design Organisation Approval (DOA) – EASA equivalent of FAA ODA.

CS-25

Large aeroplanes >5,700 kg. Equivalent to FAR Part 25.

CS-23 (2017)

Normal category aircraft. Performance-based. ≤19 seats or 8,618 kg.

CS-27

Small rotorcraft ≤3,175 kg.

CS-29

Large rotorcraft >3,175 kg. Category A OEI required.

CS-E

Aircraft engines.

CS-P

Propellers.

CS-ETSO

European Technical Standard Orders – min performance standards.

Part-145

Approved Maintenance Organizations.

Part-145 A.10

Scope – MROs on aircraft registered in EU.

Part-145 A.25

Facilities – appropriate; weather protection; segregated areas.

Part-145 A.30

Accountable Manager – corporate authority.

Part-145 A.30

Quality Manager – independent from production.

Part-145 A.30

Maintenance Manager – responsible for all maintenance.

Part-145 A.50

CRS issued after ALL maintenance completed.

Part-145 A.55

Records: 3 years minimum. Life-limited parts: ENTIRE SERVICE LIFE.

Part-145 A.65

Occurrence reporting; internal investigation.

Part-145 Class A

A1 (>5,700 kg), A2 (≤5,700 kg), A3 (helicopter turbine), A4 (helicopter non-turbine).

Part-145 Class B

B1 (turbine), B2 (piston), B3 (APU).

Part-145 Class C

C1-C18 various component categories.

Part-145 Class D

D1 (NDT – Non-Destructive Testing).

Part-66

Aircraft Maintenance Licence.

Part-66 Category A

Line maintenance mechanic. Works under supervision.

Part-66 Category B1

Mechanical maintenance. Issues CRS independently.

Part-66 Category B2

Avionics maintenance. Issues CRS independently.

Part-66 Category B3

Piston engine non-pressurized ≤2,000 kg MTOM.

Part-66 Category C

Base maintenance. Issues CRS for complete aircraft.

Part-66 modules

13 modules for B1. Pass mark 75%.

Part-66 experience

A = 1-3 years; B1

Part-66 recency

6 months in preceding 2 years.

Part-66 EU validity

Valid in ALL 31 EASA member states.

Part-147

Maintenance Training Organizations.

Part-147 scope

Basic training; type theoretical; type practical.

Part-147 quality audit

Annual audit – independent of training.

Part-147 instructor

Must hold relevant knowledge; recent practical experience.

Part-147 records

Retain training records at least 3 years.

Part-ORO

Organization Requirements – AOC, SMS, Flight Operations Manual.

Part-CAT

Commercial Air Transport – performance, crew rest, MEL.

Part-SPA

Specific Approvals – RVSM, ETOPS, LVO, MNPS, DG.

NCC

NCO

Part-FCL

Flight crew licensing – EU 1178

Part-MED

Medical requirements.

Part-ADR

Aerodromes – EU 139

Part-ATM-ANS

ATM and Air Navigation Services – EU 2017

UAS operations

EU 2019

TCO

Third Country Operator authorization – non-EU carriers into EU.

Standardisation inspections

NAAs inspected for consistent EASA rule application.

SAFA

Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft – ramp inspections of NON-EU at EU.

SACA

Safety Assessment of Community Aircraft – EU-registered abroad.

Rulemaking process

Task → Advance NPA → NPA (3-month comment) → CRD → Opinion → Commission Regulation.

FAA 14 CFR

Title 14 – Aeronautics and Space. US aviation regulations.

14 CFR history

CARs → recodified into 14 CFR effective 1965.

FAA history

ACA 1926 → CAA 1938 → FAA 1958 → DOT 1967.

Part 1

Definitions – §1.1 "airworthy" defined.

Airworthiness definition

Conforms to type design AND condition for safe operation.

Part 5

Safety Management Systems – FAA SMS rule (2018).