Developments in Dar al-Islam 1.2 - AP World History

Dar al-Islam

House of Islam; islam spread after muhammad's death (632); through India to spain through military/merchants; knowledge spread through afro-eurasia.

Egyptian Mamluks

enslaves people purchased by arbas, ethnic turks from central asia, served a soldiers/bureaucrats (1100s-1200s)

Mumluk sultanate

created when mamluks siezed control of the government, facilitated trade in cotton and sugar from islamic world to europe, declined in power by sea rade routes

Seljuk Turks

muslim, central asians, 11th century conquered middle east to western china

Sultan

seljuk leader, chief sunni religous authority

Crusaders

european christians, organized group of soldiers, seljuk turks limited their travel to their palestine holy land near jerusalem, purpose was to open their access to travel

Mongols

4th group to attack the abbasid empire, central asians, 1258 conquered the remaining empire, ended seljuk rule, stopped by egyptian mamluks in the west

bagdads decline

was a major trade center, 8th century for asia, europe, and north america, northern routes increased and bagdad lost wealth and population, canals weren't repaired, farmers could not sustain population, decayed

Islamic worlds political fragmenation

more states created with distinct ethnicities but abbasid practices

abbasid caliphate

led by arabs and persians, later states were shaped by central asians

Turkic peoples

mamluks --> north africa

seljuks --> middle east

delhi sultanate --> south asia

3 large islamic states with turkic cultures

16th century-

ottoman empire --> turkey

safavid empire --> persia

mughal empire --> india

Islamic cultural region

trae, sharia law, universities in bagdad, cordoba, cairo, egypt, bukhara

cultural continuities

work done influenced by muhammad, works of aristotle (greek literary classics) translated into arabic, math from india and shared to europe, paper-making techniques from china and spread to europe

Golden age

achievements in bagdad, cultural innovations

Nasir al-Din Tusi

(1201-1274) islamic scholar, astronomy, law, logic, etc. Observatory built, trig, medical advances in cairo

Ibn Khaldun

(1332-1406) founder of the fields of historiography and sociology

Aishah al-Ba'uniyyah

(1460-1507) most prolific female muslim writer, wrote "clear inspiration on prais of the trsuted one" which honors muhammad and more, journey to mystic illumination, contrasts between muslims and sufis

Muslims

focused on intellectual pursuits, quaran

sufis

emphasized introspection, grasp that could not be understood through learning, mystical response to the love of luxury, umayyad caliphate, helped spread islam, adopted local cultures

merchants

muhammad and his wife were both merchants, were prestigious, were rich through silk road trade with indian ocean/ central asia, some were missionaries

non-arab areas of islamic expansion

discrimination towards non-arabs bc of control by islamic caliphs, 9th century caliph soldiers were forbidden to own land conquered, discrimination decreased, military force for order but inhabitants lives were unchanged, people paid tribute to caliphs

Slavery

islam allowed slavery, muslims could not enslave muslims, jews, christians and zoroastrians couldn't be enslaved either, slaves came from africa, kievan Rus, and central asia, slaves converted to islam to be freed

Female slaves

served as concubines to islamic men with 4 wives, had more independence, through dancing for men were able to buy their freedom

coverings

men wore turbans/skull caps

hijab

either the practice of dressing modestly or a specific type of covering, women could read but only in front of related men

Muhammad's Policies

treated his wives with love/devotion, dowries paid to wife, forbade female infanticide, muhammad's first wife was educated with a business

The status of women

islamic women had a higher status than christian jewish women, inherit property/ownership after marriage, remary if widow, divorce w/ settle and could initiate divorce, practice birth control, testimony in court