Cellular Reproduction

These flashcards cover essential concepts regarding cellular reproduction, including processes, phases, and implications of cell division.

What is the significance of cellular reproduction in multicellular organisms?

Cellular reproduction is crucial for growth and replacing worn-out or damaged tissues.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into different types of cells with specific functions.

What is the main difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction does not require sperm or egg, while sexual reproduction does.

What does the Cell Theory state?

All cells come from existing cells.

What is DNA replication?

DNA replication is the process of copying DNA, so that each daughter cell receives a full set of DNA.

What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes are thickened complexes of DNA and proteins that allow for easier distribution to daughter cells.

What occurs during interphase in the cell cycle?

Interphase includes cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for mitosis.

What are the phases of mitosis?

The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

How do plant and animal cells differ during cytokinesis?

In animals, cytokinesis involves a cleavage furrow; in plants, it involves the formation of a cell plate.

What are spindle fibers?

Spindle fibers are made of microtubules and help separate chromatids during mitosis.

What role do centrosomes play in cell division?

Centrosomes organize microtubules to form the spindle apparatus during cell division.

How do daughter nuclei compare to parent nuclei?

Daughter nuclei are genetically identical to each other and to the parent nucleus.

What checkpoint occurs at the end of the G1 phase?

At the G1 checkpoint, the cell assesses for DNA damage and can trigger apoptosis if needed.

What triggers apoptosis?

Apoptosis can be triggered if DNA is damaged beyond repair.

What is the impact of mutated proto-oncogenes?

Mutated proto-oncogenes can lead to uncontrolled cell division.

What is the Philadelphia chromosome?

The Philadelphia chromosome is created by the translocation of the ABL gene from chromosome 9 to chromosome 22, which can cause cancer.

What characterizes a benign tumor?

A benign tumor consists of non-invasive cells; it remains localized.

What happens when a tumor becomes malignant?

A malignant tumor invades nearby tissue and can metastasize to other parts of the body.