HOSA Musculoskeletal Conditions

dysfunction

any functional disability; PT determines the cause and extent of these

Range of Motion (ROM)

movement at a joint

Bursitis

inflammation of bursae; commonly occurs at the shoulder to the subacromial bursa

Bursae

fluid-filled sacs throughout the body that decrease friction between structures

Tendinopathy

disorders of the tendons

Tendinitis

inflammation of the tendon

Tendinosis

degeneration of the tendon by overuse

Nerve entrapment

pressure on a nerve

Ligament

supporting structure at joins that serve to stabilize the joint and prevent excess movement

Sprain

injury to a ligament (overstretching or tearing); commonly at ankle where lateral ligaments are overstretched

Fracture

break in a bone; commonly in the wrist or the hip

Strain

injury to a muscle

Subjective examination

interview of the patient about the extent and nature of an injury; a qualitative measurement based on the patient's perception of the problem

Objective examination

Measurements taken by physical therapist/assistant or by mechanical device

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

The ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

amount of movement at a joint obtained by therapist moving the segment without assistance from the patient

Hypomobile joint

joint has less motion than is considered functional

Hypermobile joint

joint subluxation, joint has excessive motion

Goniometry

methods to measure and document ROM

Goniometer

instrument used to measure and document ROM

Strength

the amount of force produced during a voluntary muscular contraction

Resisted test

allows therapist to determine general strength of a muscle group and assess whether any pain is produced with the muscle contraction

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)

allows therapist to assign specific grade to a muscle, based on whether patient can hold the limb against gravity, how much manual resistance can be tolerated and whether joint has full ROM

Flexibility

ability to move a limb segment through a specific ROM

Accessory motion

ability of joint surfaces to glide, roll and spin on each other

Special tests

examine specific joints to indicate the presence or absence of a particular problem

Thermal agents

used to modify the temperature of surrounding tissue and result in a change of the amount of blood flow to the injured area (superficial heat, deep heat, cold)

Hot pack

pouch filled with silica gel and soaked in thermostatically controlled water

Paraffin treatment

mixture of melted paraffin wax and mineral oil at a specific temperature promotes relaxation and pain relief

Fluidotherapy

self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part

Hydrotherapy

use of the therapeutic effects of water by immersing body part or entire body into a tank of water

Whirlpool

tank of water used in hydrotherapy for immersing a body part or the entire body

Ultrasound

application of high-frequency sound waves that penetrate tissue and increase tissue temperature

Short-wave diathermy

use electromagnetic energy to produce deep therapeutic heating effects

Cryotherapy

therapeutic use of cold agents to decrease blood flow, metabolism, swelling and pain

electrical stimulation

application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, increase strength and ROM and facilitate wound healing

Soft tissue mobilization

a variety of hands-on techniques designed to improve movement and function

Massage

systematic use of various manual strokes to produce certain physiological, mechanical and psychological effects

Swedish massage strokes

promote relaxation by decreasing pain or swelling, relieving tension and improving the metabolism of surrounding tissue

Transverse friction massage

improves flexibility and function of soft tissues like muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Myofascial release

manual stretching of the layers of the body's fascia

Fascia

connective tissue that surrounds muscle and other soft tissue in the body

Joint mobilization and manipulation

technique used when a patient's dysfunction is result of joint stiffness or hypomobility; applies specific passive movement to a joint, either oscillatory (rapid, repeated movement) or sustained

Range of motion exercise

exercise for mobility of a joint

Active assisted range of motion

joint movement in which the patient may be assisted either manually or mechanically thought an arc of movement

Active free range of motion

joint movement in which the patient doesn't receive any support or resistance through an arc of movement (ex. pendulum swing)

Active resisted exercises

joint movement in which an external force resists the movement

Resisted exercise

form of active movement where some form of resistance is provided; increases muscular strength and endurance

Muscular strength

maximal amount of tension an individual can produce in one repitition (low repetitions with heavy resistance)

Muscle endurance

ability to produce and sustain tension over a prolonged period (high repetitions with low resistance)

Isometric resisted exercise

muscle contraction without visible joint movement (pushing against a wall)

Isotonic concentric resisted exercise

muscle contraction that produces or controls joint motion, resulting in muscle shortening (flexing elbow)

Isotonic eccentric resisted exercise

muscle contraction that produces or controls joint motion, resulting in muscle lengthening (extending elbow)

Isokenetic resisted exercise

concentric or eccentric muscle contraction that happens at a constant speed

Flexibility exercise

exercise using stress to change length and elasticity of soft tissue like muscle

Proprioception

one's awareness of position and movement; may be reduced after injury leading to loss of balance and coordination

Proprioceptors

receptors found in skin and joints, respond to stimuli like pressure, stretch and position

Aerobics training

exercise program that uses oxygen as the major energy source

Functional exercise

program that incorporates strength, flexibility, balance and coordination

Closed kinetic chain exercise

movement at one joint affects movement at other joints (ex. a two legged squat)

Open kinetic chain exercise

an exercise where the end limb segment is free (ex. biceps curl)

Aquatic physical therapy

therapeutic use of water for rehabilitation or prevention of an injury

Bad Ragaz method

therapist uses proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques while the patient is suspended by rings in the water

Halliwick method

uses preswim stroke instruction and musculoskeletal rehabilitation