prep for quiz 3

Pragmatism

________: a perspective that assumes organisms (including humans) make practical adaptations to their environments; humans do this through cognition, interpretation, and interaction.

Proletariat

________: workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live.

Alienation

________: the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else.

Bourgeoise

________: owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers.

Max Webers

Iron cage /disenchantment: ________ pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization.

Solidarity

________: the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group.

Rationalization

________: the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns.

Communism

________: a system of government that eliminates private poverty; it is the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions.

Dysfunction

________: a disturbance to or undesirable consequence of some aspect of the social system.

Karl marx

________: communism, conflict, social inequality, proletariat, bourgeoise, alienation.

Symbolic interactionism

________: pragmatism, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology.

Ethnomethodology

________: the study of "folk methods "and background knowledge that sustain a shared sense of reality in everyday interactions.

Bureaucracies

________: secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication.

Antithesis

________: the opposition to the existing arrangements in a dialectical model.

Synthesis

________: the new social system created out of the conflict between thesis and antithesis in a dialectical model.

Conflict

________: a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change and that emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change.

Anomie

________:"normlessness; "term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change.

Mechanical solidarity

________: the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion.

Feminist

________: developed alongside the twentieth- century womens rights movement.

Ideology

________: a system of beliefs, attitudes, and values that directs a society and reproduces the status quo of the bourgeoisie.

Dramaturgy

________: an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analysed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance.

Structure

________: a social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of a society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability.

Organic solidarity

________: the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights.

False consciousness

________: a denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize that the interests of the ruling class are embedded in the dominant ideology.

Structural functionalism

________ or functionalist theory: structure, dysfunction, manifest functions, latent functions.

social arrangements

Thesis: the existing ________ in a dialectical model.

Mechanical solidarity

the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion

Organic solidarity

the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights

Anomie

"normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change

Solidarity

the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group

Communism

a system of government that eliminates private poverty; it is the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions

Conflict

a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change and that emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change

Social inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

Proletariat

workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live

Bourgeoise

owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers

Alienation

the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else

Rationalization

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

Bureaucracies

secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication

Iron cage/disenchantment

Max Webers pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization

Structure

a social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of a society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability

Dysfunction

a disturbance to or undesirable consequence of some aspect of the social system

Manifest functions

the obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system

Latent functions

the less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure

Ideology

a system of beliefs, attitudes, and values that directs a society and reproduces the status quo of the bourgeoisie

False consciousness

a denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize that the interests of the ruling class are embedded in the dominant ideology

Class consciousness

the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action

Dialectical model

Karl Marxs model of historical change, whereby two extreme positions come into conflict and create some new outcome

Thesis

the existing social arrangements in a dialectical model

Antithesis

the opposition to the existing arrangements in a dialectical model

Synthesis

the new social system created out of the conflict between thesis and antithesis in a dialectical model

Pragmatism

a perspective that assumes organisms (including humans) make practical adaptations to their environments; humans do this through cognition, interpretation, and interaction

Dramaturgy

an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analysed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance

Ethnomethodology

the study of "folk methods" and background knowledge that sustain a shared sense of reality in everyday interactions

Feminist

developed alongside the twentieth-century womens rights movement

Postmodern theory

a theory that encompasses a wide range of areas-from art and architecture, to music and film, to communications and technology-addresses these and other questions

Emile durkheim

mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, anomie, solidarity

Karl marx

communism, conflict, social inequality, proletariat, bourgeoise, alienation

Max weber

rationalization, bureaucracies, iron cage

Structural functionalism or functionalist theory

structure, dysfunction, manifest functions, latent functions

Social conflict theory

ideology, false consciousness, class consciousness, dialectical model, thesis, antithesis, synthesis

Symbolic interactionism

pragmatism, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology

Modern theory

feminist, postmodern theory