DAT Biology

dehydration / condensation

reaction between two monomers that releases water

hydrolysis

reaction that breaks a covalent bond using water

secondary

level of protein structure that is due to hydrogen bonding

tertiary

level of protein structure that is due to interactions between R groups

ribozyme

RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme

cofactor

non-protein molecule that helps enzymes perform reactions

coenzyme

organic cofactor

phosphatase

enzyme that cleaves a phosphate group off of a substrate molecule

phosphorylase

enzyme that directly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule

kinase

enzyme that indirectly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule by transferring it from ATP

Km

what is increased by a competitive inhibitor?

Vmax

what is decreased by a noncompetitive inhibitor?

steroids, vitamin D, bile acids

what is cholesterol a precursor for?

fatty acid chains connected to alcohols

describe the structure of waxes

cartenoids

lipid derivatives with long carbon chains with double bonds that function mainly as pigments

sphingolipids

molecules with aliphatic amino alcohols that function in structural support, signal transduction, and cell recognition

nucleoside

five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base

miRNA

small RNA molecules that base pair to mRNA to silence gene expression

dsRNA

ways some viruses carry their code

heterotrophs

did heterotrophs or autotrophs appear on primordial Earth first?

cyanobacteria

what were the first autotrophic prokaryotes called?

Miller-Urey experiment

experiment that simulated the conditions of early Earth to see how organic compounds and amino acids formed

clathrin

what protein aids in receptor-mediated endocytosis

nucleoid

what is the region where prokaryotes keep their genetic material called?

nucleolus

area of the nucleus responsible for producing rRNA

synthesize lipids and steroid hormones and detoxify cells

functions of the smooth ER

cisternae

flattened sacs in the Golgi apparatus

lysosomes

organelle that contain hydolytic enzymes to break down cellular waste

plastid

chloroplasts are a type of

cleavage furrow, cyclosis, muscle contraction

functions of microfilaments

intermediate filaments

keratin is a type of protein that is found in

centrioles cilia and flagella

microtubules form

kinesin and dynein

motor proteins that transport cargo along micotubules

tubulin

eukaryotic flagella are composed of

flagellin (not microtubules)

prokaryotic flagella are composed of

sweeping motion

cilia move by utilizing a

circular motion

flagella move by utilizing a

proteoglycan

type of ECM glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbohydrates

collagen

most common ECM structural protein, secreted by fibroblasts

integrin

transmembrane protein that faciliates ECM adhesion

fibonectin

a protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with signal transduction

cellulose

what are plant cell walls made of?

chitin

what are fungi cell walls made of?

peptidoglycan

what are bacterial cell walls made of?

polysaccharides

what are archaea cell walls made of?

focal adhesions

ECM connects via integrins to actin microfilaments inside the cell

hemidesmosomes

ECM connects via integrins to intermediate filaments inside the cell

adherens junctions

connects neighboring cells via actin microfilaments

middle lamella

sticky cement in between plant cells

plasmodesmata

tunnels with tubes between plant cells

plasmolysis

term for a cell’s cytoplasm shrinking away from the cell wall

cristae

term for the infoldings of the mitochondria

hexokinase and phosphofructokinase

which enzymes use ATP in glycolysis

substrate-level phosphorylation

by which process is ATP generated in glycolysis

G3P

what is fructose-1,6-biphosphate broken down into

pyruvate dehydrogenase

what enzyme carries out pyruvate oxidation

acetyl-CoA

what is produced from pyruvate oxidation

oxaloacetate

what molecule is recycled in the Krebs cycle

citrate

what is the first molecule produced in the citric acid cycle

obligate aerobes

organisms that only perform aerobic respiration

obligate anaerobes

organisms that only undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation ; oxygen is poisonous

facultative anaerobes

can do aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation

microaerophiles

only perform aerobic respiration, but high amounts of oxygen are poisonous

aerotolerant

only undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation, but oxygen is not poisonous

glycogenolysis

release of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen

glycogenesis

conversion of glucose into glycogen

albumin

protein that binds free fatty acids (not lipoproteins)

beta oxidation

what process do free fatty acids undergo before they can be used for energy?

photolysis

term for the process of splitting water molecules

stroma

fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast

thylakoids

site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

thylakoid lumen

area of the thylakoid that is acidic

malate

what is oxaloacetate converted into in C4 photosynthesis

genome and centrosome

what is duplicated during the S phase

organelles

what is duplicated during G2

septum

what is formed during binary fission to separate the cell