Biology cell respiration

ATP

Energy currency of the cell, produced during respiration.

Hydrolysis

Breaking bonds to release energy from ATP.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, lower energy than ATP.

Anabolic reactions

Endothermic processes synthesizing macromolecules.

Active transport

Movement against concentration gradients using energy.

Sodium-potassium pump

Protein pump maintaining ion gradients in cells. 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in.

Aerobic respiration

Requires oxygen, produces up to 30 ATP.

Anaerobic respiration

Occurs without oxygen, produces 2 ATP.

Oxygen debt

Oxygen needed to metabolize lactic acid post-exercise.

Glycolysis

First step of respiration, produces 2 ATP, reduced NAD and pyruvate.

Phosphorylation

Addition of phosphate groups

Decarboxylation

Removal of carboxyl group during respiration processes.

Krebs cycle

Produces ATP, reduced NAD, and reduced FAD in mitochondria.

Electron transport chain

Transfers electrons, pumps protons to create ATP.

Chemiosmosis

the movement of protons from high concentration to low through ATP synthase in order to convert ADP to ATP

Final electron acceptor

Oxygen combines with electrons to form water.

Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic process producing ethanol and CO2.

Lactic acid fermentation

Anaerobic process producing lactic acid in humans.

Link reaction

Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA, produces reduced NAD.

Proton gradient

Difference in proton concentration used to generate ATP.

ATP synthase

Enzyme converting ADP and phosphate into ATP.