Sports Science topic C

Define personality

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving shaped by genetic and environmental factors

Difference between a trait and a state

Trait refers to consistent characteristics across situations whereas state is temporary and a pattern influenced by context

Self efficacy

Belief in ones ability to succeed in a specific task

Mental toughness

A psychological disposition that helps athletes cope with challenging and pressurized situations through self belief, determination and resilience.

Skill vs ability

A skill is a learnt action directed at achieving a predetermined goal with maximum certainty and minimal effort whereas ability refers to the innate trait (born with it) that enables skill performance

Motivation

The direction and intensity of an effort

Intrinsic motivation

Performing an activity for internal satisfaction, fun, or improvement

What is a stressor

A trigger that causes psychological strain, can be positive or negative

Arousal

A state of physical and psychological activation

Imagery

A mental experience that mimics real experience using multiple senses without actual perception

Mastery climate

A motivational environment focused on personal growth, effort and improvement

Open loop vs closed loop learning

Open loop is fast with NO feedback during action where as closed loop is slower and feedback dependent. Step by step

Is external or internal focus of attention better for skill learning and performance

External is better

Difference between internal and external focus

Internal- Attention directed to how body is moving “Swing your arm faster” Can lead to overthinking and muscular strain

External- Attention directed to effect of movement on outcome “Snap the racket through the ball” Makes a smooth movement and more automatic

Self determination theory key idea and continuum

There are 3 core needs that support well being:

• Autonomy

• Competence

• Relatedness

people are more motivated and healthier psychologically when they feel choice and control (autonomy), feel capable (competence), and feel connected to others (relatedness).

It presents a SDT continuum with 6 types of motivation:

Amotivation- no intention or motivation

External- driven by rewards or punishment “I do it for reward/ punishment”

Introjected- Driven by shame or ego,“I do it because of guilt”

Identified- Done because person sees value it “I do it because I value it”

Integrated- Behaviour is fully accepted as a part of persons identity“I do it because it is a part of who I am”

Intrinsic- Done for enjoyment “I do it because I enjoy it”

According to inverted U theory and catastrophe theory what is optimal arousal and when can it collapse

Moderate arousal is optimal and may suddenly collapse is cognitive and somatic anxiety are both high

Coping types, features

Problem focused coping- Deals with source of stress, used in controllable situations like practicing to fix a weakness

Emotion focused coping- Aims to change feelings caused by stress, helps reduce anxiety and includes things like breathing exercises and imagery

Avoidance focused coping- Aims to ignore stressor, can include distractions and denial, can help short term but doesnt solve problem

Types of goal

Outcome (norm-reference)- focus on results compared with other people

Performance (self reference)- focus on own self standard

Process (technique/strategy)- Focus on how they perform themselves (skills or tactics used)

Self efficacy vs self esteem

Self efficacy is task specific where as self esteem is the global sense of self

What does PETTLEP stand for and what does it do

PETTLEP = how to do imagery (structure/realism)

Physical (include body position/kit),

Environment (imagine the real setting),

Task (match the exact skill),

Timing (real speed),

Learning (adapt imagery to skill level/stage of learning),

Emotion (include the feelings/arousal),

Perspective (internal or external view).

Types and subtypes of imagery

There is cognitive imagery and motivational imagery.
Cognitive:

• Cognitive specific- rehearsing skill or movement

• Cognitive general- Rehearsing plans or tactics

Motivational:

• Motivational specific- goal achievement

• Motivational general- confidence and focus

Mental toughness vs resilience

MT= proactive psychological disposition

Resilience = positive adaptation AFTER adversity. MT enhances resilience

task vs ego orientation

Task orientation focuses on personal improvement and skill mastery, while ego orientation emphasizes winning and outperforming others. Task-oriented individuals are motivated by self-referenced standards, whereas ego-oriented individuals gauge success by comparing themselves with others.

Nicholls task(self ref) vs ego orientation (norm ref)

High ego + low ability = dropout/anxiety risk

Relaxation and how to cope

It is an active composure skill and NOT just turning off, in order to cope effectively it has to be matched to the controllability of stressor

Skil to skill vs ability to skill

Skill to skill- Most common type, a skill developed in one sport context influences a skill in another context (ie a tennis player using overarm serve for volleyball serve

Ability to skill- When an innate trait, is applied to a specific motor task (ie having high natural coordination helping a gymnast learn a routine)

State to stage vs principle to skill

Stage to stage- Process of going through 3 stages of learning (cognitive, associative, autonomous)

Principle to skill- Understanding of a certain concept applied to execution of skill

Ecological systems theory

Suggests that learning isn't just about a coach telling you what to do; it’s about how you, as an "organism," interact with your environment to find solutions.

Learning is driven by the interaction of 3 main constraints:

• Task- Rules of activity ie size of team or ball

• Environment- World around athlete, ie light, crowd

• Individual- Internal to athlete ie height, weight, motivation

Perception coupling theory

Explains the relationship between what you see and what you do. In this theory, you cannot separate the two.

• The Concept: Perception (seeing the ball's flight) and Action (moving your hand to catch it) are "coupled" or looped together. You don't process the data, stop, and then move; you move as you perceive.

• Example: A goalkeeper doesn't calculate the math of a ball's trajectory. They constantly adjust their body position based on the "information" they are picking up from the ball's movement in real-time.

Affordance in motor learning

These are the opportunities for action provided by the environment.

• The Concept: Everything in your environment "invites" you to do something. An affordance is what a surface, object, or person offers the athlete.

• Example: For a professional basketball player, a 10-foot hoop "affords" a dunk. For a toddler, that same hoop does not. A gap between two defenders "affords" a pass.

Whats the purpose of goal setting

• Directs attention to specific tasks

• Increases persistence

• Enhances motivation