Palestinians
Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land
Balfour Declaration
expressed British support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine
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Palestinians
Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land
Balfour Declaration
expressed British support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine
Israeli War for independence (1948)
Israeli against Arab forces (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon); Israel won the war, doubled its land, and gained one half of Jerusalem
Suez Crisis (1958)
Israel was denied use of the Suez Canal by Egypt; Israel won
Six Day War (1967)
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel; in six days, Israel took over the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and all of Jerusalem
Yom Kippur War (1973)
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel to try to re-gain lost land; Israel held off both countries
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
terrorist group that opposes the creation of Israel and aims to re-establish Palestine as a Muslim state
Yasser Arafat
leader of the PLO from 1959-2004
Intifada
uprising; widespread campaigns of civil disobedience for Palestinians living in Israel, little progress
Camp David Accords (1978)
Discussion of issues between Egypt and Israel and ended hostilities, with Egypt being the first ME country to recognize Israel as a legitimate country
Islamic Fundamentalism
the belief that governments should create societies that are based firmly on the rules of Islam
Iranian Revolution (1979)
brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power; overthrew the Shah and established Iran as a theocratic state based on Islamic principles; opposed Western influence
Ayatollah Khomeni
Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979-1989
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
caused by territorial struggles; Iraqis (Sunni) & Iranians (Shia); US assisted Iraq
Saddam Hussein
military leader in Iraq who enforced a secular government; human rights abuses, persecution of minority groups, political repression
Persian Gulf War (1990)
Iraq invaded Kuwait, threatening its oil industry; US saw Iraq as a threat to ME countries and also oil production and intervened (Operation Desert Storm)
Taliban
Islamic group that rules Afghanistan (from 1996-2001, 2021-); laws that were strictly based on Sharia (Islamic law)
UN Partition Plan for Israel (1947)
Divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states; Arabs rejected it
Oslo Accords (1993)
agreements signed between Israel and the PLO; aimed to establish a framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a two-state solution; ultimately failed to achieve a lasting peace
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Iranian Shah who was a pro-Western dictator, secular state, modernization; unpopular due to inequality of wealth, autocratic rule, secret police, etc.
Iraq War (2003)
U.S. invaded Iraq citing weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Saddam Hussein removed & later executed, led to civil war, rise of sectarian violence, and ISIS
Arab Spring (2010–2012)
Wave of pro-democracy uprisings across the Middle East & North Africa; Started in Tunisia (2010), spread to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen; caused by authoritarian regimes, economic hardship, lack of freedoms
Arab Spring Egypt
Hosni Mubarak overthrown (2011), later replaced by military-backed regime
Arab Spring Libya
Muammar Gaddafi killed in civil war
Arab Spring Syria
Peaceful protests led to brutal civil war; rise of ISIS; Assad remains in power with Russian and Iranian support
OPEC (1960)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries—Middle Eastern nations coordinate oil policies