Middle East After WWII

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Palestinians

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Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land

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Balfour Declaration

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expressed British support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine

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26 Terms

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Palestinians

Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land

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Balfour Declaration

expressed British support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine

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Israeli War for independence (1948)

Israeli against Arab forces (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon); Israel won the war, doubled its land, and gained one half of Jerusalem

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Suez Crisis (1958)

Israel was denied use of the Suez Canal by Egypt; Israel won

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Six Day War (1967)

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel; in six days, Israel took over the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and all of Jerusalem

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Yom Kippur War (1973)

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel to try to re-gain lost land; Israel held off both countries

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Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

terrorist group that opposes the creation of Israel and aims to re-establish Palestine as a Muslim state

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Yasser Arafat

leader of the PLO from 1959-2004

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Intifada

uprising; widespread campaigns of civil disobedience for Palestinians living in Israel, little progress

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Camp David Accords (1978)

Discussion of issues between Egypt and Israel and ended hostilities, with Egypt being the first ME country to recognize Israel as a legitimate country

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Islamic Fundamentalism

the belief that governments should create societies that are based firmly on the rules of Islam

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Iranian Revolution (1979)

brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power; overthrew the Shah and established Iran as a theocratic state based on Islamic principles; opposed Western influence

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Ayatollah Khomeni

Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979-1989

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Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

caused by territorial struggles; Iraqis (Sunni) & Iranians (Shia); US assisted Iraq

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Saddam Hussein

military leader in Iraq who enforced a secular government; human rights abuses, persecution of minority groups, political repression

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Persian Gulf War (1990)

Iraq invaded Kuwait, threatening its oil industry; US saw Iraq as a threat to ME countries and also oil production and intervened (Operation Desert Storm)

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Taliban

Islamic group that rules Afghanistan (from 1996-2001, 2021-); laws that were strictly based on Sharia (Islamic law)

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UN Partition Plan for Israel (1947)

Divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states; Arabs rejected it

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Oslo Accords (1993)

agreements signed between Israel and the PLO; aimed to establish a framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a two-state solution; ultimately failed to achieve a lasting peace

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Iranian Shah who was a pro-Western dictator, secular state, modernization; unpopular due to inequality of wealth, autocratic rule, secret police, etc.

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Iraq War (2003)

U.S. invaded Iraq citing weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Saddam Hussein removed & later executed, led to civil war, rise of sectarian violence, and ISIS

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Arab Spring (2010–2012)

Wave of pro-democracy uprisings across the Middle East & North Africa; Started in Tunisia (2010), spread to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen; caused by authoritarian regimes, economic hardship, lack of freedoms

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Arab Spring Egypt

Hosni Mubarak overthrown (2011), later replaced by military-backed regime

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Arab Spring Libya

Muammar Gaddafi killed in civil war

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Arab Spring Syria

Peaceful protests led to brutal civil war; rise of ISIS; Assad remains in power with Russian and Iranian support

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OPEC (1960)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries—Middle Eastern nations coordinate oil policies