AP Euro Units 1-5 Anchors / HEHS

15th Century

The Renaissance, the New Monarchs (later in the century), the printing press

1492

Reconquista, Columbus, start of Columbian Exchange

Castiglione

Italian Humanist who wrote the “Book of the Courtier” which explains the type of humanism that learning centered on the Greco-Roman Classics. It said men’s education should be well rounded for a public life of service and a woman’s education should be to prepare for a domestic role at home

Pico della Mirandola

Italian humanist who wrote “On the Dignity of Man”. It explains how man has value, and worth because he is made in God’s image.

Machiavelli

Italian humanist who wrote “The Prince”. This explains how a prince should rule to “gain, maintain, and increase” his territory and that “The end justifies the means” and it is “better to be feared than loved”.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the “Mona Lisa” and the “Last Supper”

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the “Sistine Chapel”

and sculpted the marble “David”.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance humanist who wrote “In Praise of Folly”

which criticized the hypocrisy of the Catholic clergy. His goal was to reform

the Catholic church.

Thomas More

Northern Renaissance humanist who wrote “Utopia”. Which

criticized the greed in society. His story discussed a place where people had

no posessions or property and people just lived communally.

Charles VII

New monarch of France. He built the first National Army, won

the Hundred Years War, and raised taxes called the Taille(land) and Gabelle

(salt)

Henry VII

New monarch of England. He won the Hundred Years War and

established the Tudor Dynasty. He used the Court of the Star Chamber to

destroy the power of the Nobles.

Ferdinand and Isabella

New monarchs of Spain. They achieved the

Reconquista in 1492 which expelled the Jews and Moors. They also sent out

Columbus on a Western route to try to get to the East Indies.

Jan van Eyck

a Northern Renaissance artist who painted the “Wedding of

Arnolfini”. Which shows a common scene with ever day objects like a

chandelier, mirror, and a dog.

16th century

The Reformation, religious wars, age of exploration, price revolution, golden age of Spain/Hapsburgs

Banking capital of 16th century

Antwerp

1453

Turks conquer Constantinople

1517

Luther writes the 95 theses

1525

German Peasant Revolt

1527

Sack of Rome

1555

Peace of Augsburg

1588

Spanish Armada

1618

Start of thirty years war

1648

end of thirty years war

Martin Luther

he started the Protestant Reformation in the German States by writing the 95 Theses and starting the Luther Church.

Charles V

Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor who had numerous clashes with Protestants as a result of the Protestant Reformation. He led the Diet of Worms against Luther and lost the German Civil War.

John Calvin

He started the Protestant religion Calvinism which preached Predestination. He wrote the “Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Henry VIII

He started the Anglican Church in England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage for lack of a male heir.

Elizabeth I

She was a Protestant ruler of England and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Henry IV

He was a king of France who won the Religious War called the War of the 3 Henry’s as a Huguenot (Henry of Navarre). He converted to Catholicism and created the Edict of Nantes which granted religious toleration to the Huguenots.

Phillip II

He was the Hapsburg king of Spain who attempted to crush the Calvinists in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt. He lost the Spanish Armada to Elizabeth I.

Gustavus Adolphus

He was the Lutheran Swedish King who entered the 30 Years War during the 3rd Protestant side.

Christopher Columbus

He was sponsored by Spain to sail West in an attempt to reach the East Indies. He “discovered” America instead.

Vasco de Gama

He was sponsored by Portugal and was the first to reach India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope

Magellan

He led the first circumnavigation of the world. He was sponsored by Spain.

Cortez

He was a Conquistador of Spain who brutally conquered the Aztecs.

Pizarro

He was a Conquistador of Spain who brutally conquered the Incas

17th Century

Golden age of the Netherlands, agricultural revolution in the Netherlands, population declines due to lack of food, age of Louis XIV, age of absolutism, scientific revolution

Banking capital of the 17th century

Amsterdam

1649

Execution of Charles I

1683

Turks invade Vienna

1688

Glorious Revolution

1713

Peace of Utrecht

1721

Russia wins the Great Northern War, end of bubonic plague

1763

Peace of Paris (ended 7 yrs war)

Richelieu

The first counselor of Louis XIII who laid the foundations of Absolutism

Louis XIV

The sun king of France who was the main Absolute ruler of the late 17th century. He built the Palace of Versailles

James I

Divine right king of England

Charles I

He was executed at the end of the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

He was the Puritan leader of Parliament during the English Civil War. He became the Lord Protector of England during the Interregnum

William and Mary of Orange

They signed the Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution

John Locke

He wrote “Second Treatise of Civil Government and advocated for Natural Rights and that Government is a Social Contract.

Frederick William I

The soldier King of Prussia who built up Prussia’s army to #4 in Europe

Frederick the Great

The enlightened monarch of Prussia who won Silesia from Austria during the Wars of the Mid 18th Century

Peter the Great

He westernized Russia by modernizing its military and defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War winning St. Petersburg, his “Window to the West”

Catherine the Great

The Enlightened Monarch of Russia, she westernized Russia’s society by embracing French enlightenment writers like Diderot. She divided Poland and oppressed the serfs after Pugachev’s rebellion.

Joseph II

The Enlightened monarch from Austria. He freed the serfs and tolerated Jews.

18th Century

Enlightenment, population exploded, enclosure system, cottage industry, British dominance of the Atlantic economy

Banking capital of the 18th century

London

1750

Height of the Enlightenment

1789

Start of the French Revolution

1799

End of the French Revolution

June 20th, 1789

The Oath of the Tennis Court

July 14, 1789

Bastille Day

Summer of 1789

The Great Fear

1791

The Declaration of the Rights of man

1792

The First French Republic (National Convention), division of Poland

1794

Reign of Terror

1789-1791

The Liberal Stage

1792-1794

The Radical Stage

1794-1799

The Directory

1815

The Battle of Waterloo

Copernicus

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: He came up with the Heliocentric Theory

Kepler

The Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Galileo

Used a telescope to view the craters in the moon, came up with the laws of inertia, was persecuted by the Catholic church

Newton

Principia: Laws of Universal Gravitation

Bacon

Father of Empiricism, contributed to the Scientific Method

Descartes

Father of modern geometry, contributed to the Scientific Method, cartesian duality

Fontenelle

Popularized science, wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds

Montesquieu

Spirit of Laws: Came up with checks and balances and separation of powers

Voltaire

Wrote Candide, was a deist

Diderot

Completed the Encyclopedia

Rousseau

The social contract, talked about the general will

French king and queen during the revolution

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (beheaded)

Robespierre

Leader of the Mountain during the Reign of Terror

Napoleon

Emperor of France who created the Grand Empire and was defeated at Waterloo

Start of British Industrialization

~1750

Start of Industrialization on the Continent

~1815

Height of British Industrialization

~1850

Golden Age of the Middle Class

~1830s–1840s

Factory Act

1833 (Factory Act of 1833 in Britain)

Congress of Vienna

1815

French Revolution of 1830

1830

Reform Bill of 1832

1832

Revolutions of 1848

1848

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny, a key innovation in textile production.

Richard Arkwright

Industrialist and inventor of the water frame, revolutionizing textile manufacturing.

James Watt

Improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and crucial for industrialization.

George Stephenson

Pioneered steam locomotive development and built the first public railway.

Thomas Malthus

Economist who theorized that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to crises.

David Ricardo

Economist known for the theory of comparative advantage and the 'iron law of wages.'