HUMAN BEHAVIOR

behavior

it is what a person does to make something happen, to make something change or to keep things the same

human behavior

refers to the collection of activities exhibited by human beings including how a person does, feels, thinks or experiences primarily influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics

behavior

it can also be defined as anything that someone do that can directly observed, measured, and repeated

human behavior

it is partly determined by heredity and environment and modified through learning

human development

it is the process of a person’s growth and maturation throughout their lifespan, concerned with the creation of an environment where people are able to develop their potential in accordance with their interests and needs

prenatal life

the interval of life between conception and birth

infancy

the earliest part of childhood from birth age to one

toddler years

occurs during ages two and three; the end of early childhood

childhood

takes place from ages four to eight

puberty

the beginning of adolescence age 9 to 13

older adolescence

takes place between age 14 to 18

adulthood

from adolescence to the end of life begins at the age of 19

middle age

the period of adulthood age 30 to 50

senior year

extend from age fifty

psychoanalytic theory

it explores the unconscious mind, childhood, experiences, and their influence on behavior and personality.

ID

it is related to desires and impulses and is
the main source of basic biological needs. (unconscious mind

EGO

it is related to reasoning and is the rational
part of the personality. It’s job is to meet the needs of the Id, whilst
taking into account of the constraints of reality to avoid negative
consequences (conscious mind

SUPEREGO

mainly develops during phallic
stage (result of moral constraints by their parents.) It restricts the
desires of the id by apppluing morals and values by society

Oral Stage

Mouth is the pleasure center for development during this
stage.

Infant gets pleasure from sucking and swallowing and later
on enjoys the pleasure of biting and chewing

Anal Stage 1-3

Toddlers begin to experiment with urine and
feces.

The control they learn to exert over their bodily
functions is manifested in toilet-training.

Anal Expulsive Character

may result from parents that are too lenient in this conflict wherein a child becomes disorganized, reckless, and defiant

Anal Retentive Character

neat, stingy and obstinate

Phallic Stage 3-6

Genitals are the primary source of pleasure. e,g
masturbation

According to Freud, this is the stage where they begin to
struggle with sexual desires towards the parent of the
opposite sex (boys to mothers and girls to fathers

oedipus complex

boys desire for his mothers

electra complex

a girls desire for her father

Latency Stage 6-12

Sexual interest is relatively inactive.

The sexual instinct subside as their focus is being
converted into interest on school works, riding bicycles, or
sports

They are also adopting the values of their parents and
begin to behave in morally accepted ways

Genital Stage (12+ years of age)

The sexual impulses reemerge in this stage.

Sexual and romantic interests in others also become a
central motive, and they may engage in appropriate
sexual behavior, which may lead to marriage and
childbirth.

Cognitive Development Theory

Suggests that children move through four stages
which focus on the idea that children actively
construct knowledge as they explore and
manipulate the world around them.

Sensorimotor

The child learns by doing. The child also has primitive understanding
of cause-and-effect relationship. e.g. looking, touching, sucking

Preoperational

The children uses symbols including letters and numbers. The child is
egocentric in this stage and has the ability to pretend.

Concrete
Operationa

Children’s reasoning becomes focused and logical and the child
understands conservation. Also maturing in understanding cause-
and- effect relationship

Formal
Operation

Children develop abstract thinking including logic, deductive
reasoning, and comparison

Attachment Theory

this theory describes the
dynamics of long-term
relationships between humans.

Theory of Moral Development

This theory explains the moral development of
children. The good vs. bad , obeying or disobeying
acts.

Habitual

It refers to demeanors that are resorted to on a
regular basis.

Instinctive

is a human conduct, which is unlearned and
inherent.

It is present at the birth of a person

Instinct of self-preservation

most common
instinct of man

Symbolic

Human conduct in response to stimuli undertaken
by means of substitution

are behaviors that are usually carried out by
means of unsaid words and shown through
symbols or body signs

Complex

Refers to two or more habitual behaviors
which occurs in one situation.

NORMAL BEHAVIOR

Also known as Adaptive or Adjusted Behavior

It is the standard behavior; the totality accepted
behavior because they follow the standard norms
of society

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Also known as Maladaptive or Maladjusted
Behavior

A group of behaviors that is deviant from social
expectations because they go against the norms
or standard behavior of society.

HEREDITY

This refers to the genetic influences, the
characteristics of a person from birth acquired and
transferred from one generation to another.

HEREDITY

Determined by genes, which are the segments of
cell structures called chromosomes that
parents pass on to their offspring.

ENVIRONMENT

It consists of the conditions and
factors that surround and influence
an individual.

Family Background

The family is the cradle of
personality development, where an individual first
experiences how to relate and interact with others.

Childhood Trauma

The experiences that the
development process is being blocked by parental
deprivation or lack of adequate maturing at home.

The Inadequate family

the inability to cope with the
ordinary problems of family living. They lack of resources for
meeting the demands of family satisfaction.

The anti-social family

Those that spouses unacceptable
values as a result of the influence of parents to their children.

The discordant/disturbed family

Characterized by non-
satisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that
may express feeling of frustration

The disrupted family

Characterized by incompleteness
whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other
circumstances

Institutional influences

these are the influences from
peer groups, mass media, church and school, government
institutions, NGO's, etc

Socio-Cultural Factors

Such as war and violence, group
prejudice and discrimination, economic and employment
problems, and other social changes

Nutrition or the quality of food

the person's intake is
also a factor that influences man to commit crime because
poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal behavior.

LEARNING

It is the process by which behavior
changes as a result of experience or
practice.

to move out
or stir up

emotion” comes from the Latin
word “emovere

Happiness

one that people strive for the most

Sadness

a transient emotional state like a feeling of
disappointment.

Fear

an emotional response to an immediate threat.

Disgust

can originate from a number of things such as
unpleasant taste, sight, or smell.

Anger

a powerful emotion characterized by feelings of
hostility, frustration, and antagonism.

Surprise

it is a response by something unexpected. It can
be positive, negative, or neutral.

FRUSTRATION

refers to the unpleasant
feeling which blocks the individual’s
motivated behavior.

.Aggression

a response made with the intent of
harming someone or objects through physical or
psychological harm

FRUSTRATION

A form of stress, which results in tension.

Displaced Aggression

the redirecting of the
aggression to a target other than the actual source of
one’s frustration.

Scapegoating

the act of blaming a person or group
of people for conditions not of their making

Escape

act of reducing discomfort by leaving a
frustrating situation.

CONFLICT

refers to the simultaneous arousal of
two or more incompatible motives resulting
in unpleasant emotion

strike together

conflict came from the Latin term
“conflictus”

Psychological Conflict

a conflict going on inside the
person and no one would know. According to Freud, it is the unconscious id
battling the superego and further claimed that our personalities are always in
conflict

Approach - Avoidance conflict

conflict that can be described as having
features of approach and avoidance. Approach speaks to the things that we
want while Avoidance refers to things that we do not want.

Approach-Approach Conflict-

the individual must choose between
two positive goals of approximately equal value; two pleasing things
are wanted but only one option should be chosen (positive-possitive)

Avoidance- Avoidance Conflict

involves more obvious sources of
stress); the individual must choose between two or more negative
outcomes. (negative-negative

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A situation in which a
choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has
both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to
resolve because the features of each portion are often difficult to
compare.

STRESS

Consequence of the failure of an
organism – human or animal – to
respond appropriately to emotional or
physical threats, whether actual or
imagined.

STRESSOR

it is anything (physical or psychological)
that produces stress (positive or
negative)

Eustress

this motivates you to deal with a challenge or
accomplish a task. It will lead you to satisfaction.

Distress

this increased anxiety and fear and despair.

Fight

is manifested by fighting the problem
in a constructive and direct way by means of
breaking down the obstacles preventing the person
reaching his goals.

Flight

it can be manifested by sulking,
retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Coping Mechanism

it is the ways in which people
deal with minor to major stress
and trauma.

Coping Mechanism

it is learned or skills that
individuals masters in order to
reduce stress.

Defense Mechanism

it is an individual’s way of reacting
to frustration.

Defense Mechanism

techniques used to prevent a
person’s self-image from being
damaged.

Displacement

shifting of actions
from a desired target to a substitute
target as the recipient of their
emotion.

Rationalization

justifies their
behavior by making excuses to
convince themselves and others that
their behavior is logical and acceptable

Compensation

When a person has
a weakness in one area, they may
compensate by accentuating or building
up strengths in another area.

Projection

We assume that people
whom we are not comfortable are like
us, and doing so, allows us to ignore
those attributes they have with which
we are uncomfortable.

Reaction formation

occurs when a
person feels an urge to do or say
something and then actually does or
says something that is effectively the
opposite of what he/ she really wants.

Denial

s simply refusing to
acknowledge that an event has
occurred. The person affected simply
acts nothing has happened, behaving in
ways that others may see as bizarre

Repression

involves placing
uncomfortable thoughts in relatively
inaccessible areas of the subconscious
mind.

Suppression

Occurs when a person
consciously and deliberately pushes
down any thought that leads to feelings
of anxiety

Identification

Occurs when a
person changes apparent facets of
his/her personality such that he / she
appears to be more like the other
people

Substitution

Occurs when one
feels discomfort and replaces it with
something that does not lead to
discomfort

Fantasy

When someone cannot achieve nor do
something that he or she wants, channels the energy
created by the desire into fantastic imaginations.
Paying attention not to what is going on around him
but rather to what is taking place in his thoughts.

Regression

Involves taking the
position of a child in some problematic
situation, rather than acting in a more
adult way.

Sublimation

The transformation
of unwanted impulses into something
less harmful

Self- Harming

A person physically
deliberatley hurts themselves in some
way or put themselves on high risk of
harm.