Inorganic Compounds and Solutions

Mixture

a combo of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds

Solution

a substance called a solvent dissolved another substance called the solute, Usually more solvent than solute (i.e. sweat)

Colloid

a solution with larger particles which are large enough to scatter light (i.e. milk)

Suspension

larger particles that are usually visible to the naked eye, mixed into a liquid or a suspending medium for some time, but will eventually settles out (i.e. blood, paint)

Water

all living organisms are made of it, 65% body mass, 70-90% of cell composition, most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

What is a universal solvent and an ideal medium for most chemical reactions, that can dissolved sugar (hydrophilic) and cannot dissolve veggie oil (hydrophobic) ?

water

what is used to flush dissolved water and eliminate it from the body

water

Hydrolisis

breaks large molecules down to simpler ones by adding a molecule of water, breaks down nutrients

Dehydration Synthesis

occurs when two simple molecules join together, eliminating a molecule of water in the process

What is a lubricant, a major part of mucus and other lubricating fluids (synovial fluid, serous membranes), found wherever friction needs to be reduced or particles eliminated?

water

Cohesion of Water

when the H bonds that link water molecules to one another, the tendency of like particles to stay together

Adhesion of water

creates high surface tension, a measure of difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid. (i.e. water droplets on a leaf)

Acid

any solute that dissociates in solution and releases H+ ions

Base

any solute that dissociates in solution and releases OH- ions

pH

negative logarithm of the H+ concentration in a solution, the human body usually remains at a neutral pH=7

Buffers

compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing H+ ions

Inorganic Compounds

lack C and are simple molecules

Organic Compounds

always contain C and H, usually O, have covalent bonds, 40% body mass and carry out complex functions, a good source of energy

Carbon

can react with several hundred other C atoms to form large molecules, some don't dissolve easy in water, C compounds are mostly or entirely held together by covalent bonds and tend to decompose easily

Carbohydrates

C,H,O, most of the energy for life, can be converted to other substances, metabolic primer, primary fuel for CNS and red blood cells, have three major groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides,

Monosaccharides

the main energy supplying compound of the body (glucose, fructose and galactose)

Glucose

C6H12O6, dextrose or blood sugar, used directly by cells for energy, primary component of corn syrup

Galactose

C6H12O6, liver can convert it to glucose

Fructose

liver can convert it to glucose, abundant in fruits and root veggies

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Disaccharide: Maltose

glucose + glucose

Disaccharide: Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Disaccharide: Lactose

glucose + galactose

Polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, fiber

Lipids

C,H,O, fewer covalent bonds, insoluble in polar solvents, i.e. water, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes) protect vital organs, insulate from cold, transport fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

Triglycerides

glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids, protection, insulation, energy, room temp=solid(fats) or liquid (oil), 2x energy as CHO's or PRO's, type of covalent bond decides of trigly. is saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated

Phospholipids

important membrane components, amphipathic, w both polar and non-polar regions, hydrophilic outer layer, hydrophobic inner layer, phospholipid bilayer

Steriods

include sex hormones, and cholesterol, w cholesterol serving as important component of cell membranes and as starting material for synthesizing other steroids

Prostaglandins

modify responses to hormones, contribute to inflammatory responses, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate airways to lungs, regulate body temp, influence blood clots

Leukotrienes

participate in allergic and inflammatory responses

Proteins

give structure to body, regulate processes, provide protection (immune system) help muscles to contract (contractile) transport substances and serve as enzymes (catalytic)

Amino acids and polypeptides

building blocks of body that contain C, N, H, O, joined together with polypeptide bonds; resulting polypeptide chains may contain 10-2000 AA's