Cardiovascular system- Heart

the three layers of the heart are:

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

which is the thickest layer?

myocardium

cardiac muscle cells are _________ or __________ nucleate, whereas skeletal muscle is _________ nucleate.

mono/bi; multi

cardiac muscle cells also have ___________________ ______

intercalated discs

cardiac muscle cells also contain a higher number of _______________, which help by providing energy

mitochondria

T or F: skeletal muscle has a longer refractory period

false!

the heart recieves input from the _____________ ______________ of our brainstem, and is autonomous.

medulla oblongata

skeletal muscle contraction requires stimulation from our ________ ____________ ___________of our cerebrum and it is involuntary!

primary motor cortex

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

right atria, left atria, right ventricle, left ventricle

what is the function of the septum?

divides the atria and ventricles

what is the purpose of the auricle?

increase volume

trabeculae carneae are irregular ____________ __________

muscular ridges

papillary muscles are the anchor point for the ___________ __________

tendinous chords

what is the function of valves?

prevent backwards flow of blood

right atrioventricular valve is also known as?

tricuspid

the tricuspid is between the right _______ right _________.

atria; ventricle

the pulmonary semilunar is between the right _________ and ____________ _________

ventricle; pulmonary artery

the left atrioventricular valve is also know as?

bicuspid

the bicuspid is between the left _______ and left _________

atria; ventricle

the aortic semilunar is between the left _____ and _______

ventricle; aorta

the first sound is the sound of what valves closing?

atrioventricular

the second sound is the ______________________ valves closing.

semilunar

regurgitation is when there is a ___________ valve.

leaky

stenosis is the ___________ of a valve.

hardening

the myocardium is thick and requires its own _________ __________ called the __________ _______________

blood vessels; coronary vasculature

the great vessels are the?

aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein

a heart attack is also know as a ?

myocardial infarction

heart attacks occur when there is a ________________ of blood flow.

blockage

the pulmonary circut carries blood to where?

lungs

the systemic circuit carries blood to where?

rest of body

the right side of the heart receives the _________________ blood from the systemic circuit and sends it through the pulmonary circuit

deoxygenated

the left side of the heart receives the ________________ blood from the pulmonary circuit and sends it to the systemic circuit

pulmonary

arteries carry blood _______ the heart

TO

veins carry blood _____________ the heart

AWAY

edema is the ________________ of tissues due to interstital fluid

swelling

if cardiac function is impaired, more blood will be stored where?

in tissues

pulmonary edema is the swelling of the ___________ and is caused by impaired function in the ____________________

lungs; left ventricle

systemic edema is the swelling of the _______________ and is caused by impaired function in the ______________________

tissues; right ventricle

the cardiac conduction system allows the heart to beat without ___________ input

nervous

what is the order that the autorythmic cells fire in?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fibers

the SA node is the ____________ pacemaker

primary

the AV node is the ____________ pacemaker

secondary

can the AV node sustain life if the SA node fails?

yes

sympathetic innervation from the _______________________ center, _________ HR!

cardioacceleratory; increases

parasympathetic innervation from the ____________________ ceneter, ___________ HR!

cardioinhibitory center, decreases

systole:

contract

diastole:

relax

EDV is __________ contraction

pre

ESV is _______________ contract

post

stroke volume is ____ - ________

EDV - ESV