14 - responses to imperialism

push factors

conditions that drive people to leave their home country such as war, famine, poverty, or persecution

pull factors

conditions that attract people to a new area such as job opportunities, safety, or political freedom

immigrate

to move into a new country or region to live permanently

emigrate

to leave ones country to live in another

migrate

to move from one place to another

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods or areas where a specific ethnic group dominates, maintaining cultural practices and support networks

chinatowns

specific ethnic enclaves where chinese immigrants settled, often in major cities outside of china

diaspora

the scattering of a people from their original homeland to multiple locations

penal colony

a settlement established to exile prisoners, often in distant lands

indentured servitude

labor system in which people work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to a new land, food, or shelter

homesteading

settling and farming on government provided land

irish potato famine

a period (1845-1852) of mass starvation in ireland due to potato crop failure, causing mass emigration

chinese exclusion act

1882 U.S. law that prohibited chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S.

white australia policy

laws (1901-1973) that restricted non european immigration to australia

ghost dance

a native american spiritual movement in the late 19th century, promising the return of the dead and restoration of lands

xhosa cattle killing movement

1856-1857 movement in south africa where xhosa killed cattle, believing it would bring renewal and drive out colonizers

pan africanism

political and social movement advocating solidarity among african people worldwide

mahdist wars

conflicts in sudan (1881-1899) led by muhammad ahmad against egyptian and british forces

maori

indigenous people of new zealand

samory toure

west african leader who resisted french colonial expansion in the late 19th century

maji maji rebellion

1905-1907 uprising in german east africa (tanzania) against colonial rule

yaa asantewaa war

1900 war in the ashanti empire (ghana) where queen yaa asantewaa led resistance against british colonial forces

sokoto caliphate

islamic state in west africa (1804-1903), established by usman dan fodio

usman dan fodio

islamic scholar and reformer who founded the sokoto caliphate

zulu kingdom

powerful southern african kingdom led by shaka zulu in the early 19th century

anglo zulu war

1879 war between the british empire and the zulu kingdom

empress cixi

qing dynasty empress who ruled from behind the throne in late 19th century and early 20th centuries

100 days reform

1898 reform movement in china aiming to modernize the government, education, and military

taiping rebellion

massive civil war (1850-1864) in china led by hong xiuquan against the qing dynasty

hong xiuquan

leader of the taiping rebellion, claiming to be the younger brother of jesus

boxer rebellion

1899-1901 anti foreign, anti christian uprising in china

tongzhi restoration

effort to revitalize the qing (1860s-1870s) after internal and external forces

aboriginal

the original or indigenous people of a region

monoculture

an agricultural practice where only one type of crop is grown over a large area

cassava

a starchy root crop widely grown in africa, latin america, and asia

tupac amaru II

leader of an 18th century indigenous uprising in peru against spanish rule

cherokee nation

native american nation in the southeastern U.S. forcibly removed during the trail of tears

trail of tears

forced relocation of native americans from the southeastern U.S. to indian territories (1830s)

jim crow laws

laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S. south after reconstruction

sepoy rebellion

1867 uprising of indian soldiers against british east india company rule

indian national congress

political party founded in 1885 to advocate for indian self rule