AP Bio: Cellular Energetics

ADP

Lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Endergonic

the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones (energy added)

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

ATP

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

Electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

FAD

acts as hydrogen acceptors when hydrogen atoms are present and accept the hydrogen atoms during the process

Lactic acid

Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue

Light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Mitochondria

An organelle in where respiration and energy production occur

NAD

electron carrier involved in glycolysis and Krebs cycle

NADPH

Electron carrier in photosynthesis; provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle

Stroma

Fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water (Calvin Cycle)

Thylakoid membrane

Photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains (PS II and PS I)

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvates

Calvin Cycle

Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (occurs in stroma)

Electron Transport Chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

stages of aerobic respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

stages of anaerobic respiration

glycolysis and fermentation

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Pyruvate

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms; two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Third stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

PS II

Consists of chlorophyll, oxidized by sun energy
Regains electrons from the splitting of water; Oxygen released

PS I

Consists of chlorophyll, oxidized by sun energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH; regains electrons from PS II