Biology: The Core Chapter 5 - Chromosomes and Inheritance

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to Chapter 5 on Chromosomes and Inheritance, aiding in the understanding of important concepts in biology.

Cell Division

The formation of new cells from preexisting cells; it provides for growth, repair, and reproduction.

Gametes

Sex cells, specifically egg and sperm cells, formed from adult cells in the gonads.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical offspring cells.

Meiosis

A special type of cell division for the production of gametes that results in haploid cells.

Diploid

Cells with two sets of chromosomes, typical of somatic cells in the body.

Haploid

Cells with a single set of chromosomes, typical of gametes.

Fertilization

The process of sperm and egg fusion to form a zygote.

Chromosomes

Structures within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made of DNA and proteins, containing genetic information.

Sister Chromatids

Duplicated chromosome pairs that are joined at the centromere prior to cell division.

Cytokinesis

The final step in cell division, dividing the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

Cloning

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent through manipulation of cell division.

Nondisjunction

An error that occurs during meiosis when chromosomes fail to separate properly, leading to gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers.

Trisomy 21

A genetic condition characterized by having an extra copy of chromosome 21, commonly known as Down syndrome.

Independent Assortment

The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes during meiosis.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis that increases genetic diversity.

Karyotype

A photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes, used to determine chromosomal abnormalities.

Mendelian Genetics

The study of how traits are inherited through generations according to the laws established by Gregor Mendel.