Assistive Technology Exam 2

When do kids learn to read and read to learn?

Learning to read: Kindergarten to 3rd
Reading to Learn: 3rd grade and up

NIMAS and Contents

National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standards

Standardized electronic file formate (XML-based) for producing accessible instructional materials for students with print disabilities. 

What is Chafee Amendments

Allows authorized entitities to reproduce or distribute copies of copyrighted works in specialized format for people with print disabilities without copyright infringement. 

Print Disabilities

A disability that prevents a person from effectively reading standard pring (blindness, visual impairment, physical disability preventing page turning, severe reading disability.

Alternate Formats of reading examples

Braille, large print, audio books, digital/e-text DAISY,

DAISY

Digital Accessible Information SYstem- a standard for digital talking books that allow navigation by page, chapter, or paragraph. 

Organizations offering E-text

Bookshare, Learning Ally, Project Gutenberg, National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled

What is the function of text-to-speech? Different names?

Converts written text into spoken words, helps with decoding and comprehension

Other names: Screen readers, speech synthesizers, read-aloud tools

What is the function of speech-to-text?

Converts spoken words into written text supports writing and note taking

OCR

Optical Character Recognition is technology that converts scanned images of text into machine-readable text. 

What is a reading window?

Visual support that highlights one line or section of text at a time to reduce visual distractions. 

What are options of AT for reading and writing from low to high?

Low: highlighters, reading guides, pencil grips, graphic organizers

Mid: Talking spell checkers, portable word processor (AlphaSmart)

High: Softwares like inspiration/kidspiration, Cowriter, Write Outloud, DraftBuilder, Dragon Naturally Speaking, Alphasmart

CoWriter

Word Prediction and spelling

WriteoutLoud

Text-to- speech feedback for writing

Draft Builder

Organizes writing process from idea to outline to draft

Dragon Naturally Speaking

Speech-to-text dictation software

What is an Alphasmart?

Portable, lightweight keyboard device for note-taking and writing; stores text to transfer later to a computer.

Factors that promote communication and language?

Motivatin, opportunity, modeling, social interaction, and appropriate support

Development of communication skills require?

Opportunities, means (tools), and reasons (motivation) to communicate

What are the functions of switches that support early communication development?

Cause and effect learning, turn-taking, making choices, activating messages/devices

What are two big categories of AAC Tech?

Aided (uses tools or equipment) and unaided (use body only)

Examples of aided AAC and unaided AAC?

aided: communication boards, speech-generating devices, tablets with AAC apps.

Unaided: Gestures, facial expressions, sign language.

What is cued speech?

A visual system that uses hand shapes and placements near the mouth to make spoken language visible.

What does PECs stand for and what is it?

Picture Exchange Communication System- uses picture cards for requesting communication needs

What does AAC stand for and what is it?

Augmentative and Alternative Communication- Any method that supplements or replaces speech.

Factores to consider during collaborative AAC assessment?

Team approach, students abilities and needs, environments of use, communication partners, trial period and ongoing evaluation. 

Examples of communicative functions?

Requesting, rejections, greeting, commenting, asking questions, sharing information

Three major components of AAC?

Symbol representation, vocabulary, and access method

Different exmaples of access mode?

Direct selection (touch), Scanning (Using switches), eye gaze, head pointer, joystick

Proloquo2Go

Moble tablet app that provides symbols, voices, and customizable vocabulary for speech output

Tobii

Eye-gaze based communication system/device

Boardmaker

Software for creating picture communication symbols and visual supports used in AAC systems.

Input and output services of a computer?

INput: keyboard, mouse, microphone, joystick, touch screen, switch

OUTput: Monitor, printer, speakers, braille display

How can we adapt a keyboard?

Layout chages: Dvorak layout, large-key keyboards, mini keyboards

Additions: Keyguards, overlays, labels.

Alternate Keyboards: IntelliKeys, On-screen keyboards

Mouse Keys

Use keyboard to control mouse

On-screen keyboard

virtual keyboard displayed on screen

3 sections of the app evaluation rubric?

Design features, instructional content, student performance

What are components of identifying evaluation?

• Is the student blind or visually impaired?
  Is the student Deaf or Hearing impaired?

• Does the student have/need:

  • Communication needs

  • limited english proficiency

  • English as a second language

  • behaviors that impede his/her learning or that of others

  • Aggression, high levels of disruptive behavior, extremely challenging behaviors, high rates of suspension or expulsion.

13 categories of evaluation what are they and related questions?

Guiding principles of IEP documentation

Based on student need, team decision making, data driven, student centered, linked to measurable goals

AT can be included in the IEP in varying ways, what are some sample statements?

Student will use text-to-speech program to access grade-level reading materials.

An iPad with Proloquo2Go will be provided for expressive communication

What is Supplementary aids and services under IDEA and subcategories?

Aids, services, and supports providede in generral education settings to help students with disabilities participate and progress. 

Subcategory: environmental supports, instructional supports, peer supports, technologial supports

Examples of related services under IDEA?

OT/PT, SLP, counseling, transportation, orientation & mobility services

Accessibility by US Department of Education (3 components and what they mean)?

1. Usable: Can be opperated by learners with disabilities

2. Equitable: Provides same information to all learners 

3. Compatible: Works with assistive technologies

Legal Basis of Accessibility

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, Section 508 (requires accessible tech), ADA

Examples of Accessibility

Screen readers, captions, alternative text, keyboard navigation, transcripts, adjustable fonts

What is LMS and examples?

Learning Management System

ex. Canvas, blackboard, google classroom, D2L

POUR from National Center on accessible education materials

Perceivable - Information is presented so users can perceive it

Operable: Interface works with different input methods

Understandable: content and navigation are clear

Robust: Compatible with assistive technologies and future updates

Examples of accessible instruction?

Captioned videos, screen reader-friendly documents, adjustable font and contrast, alt text for images, voiceover-enabled assignments 

Joystick

directional control

Trackball

stationary ball for pointer control

Ergonomic Keyboard

Curved or split design to reduce strain 

Sticky keys

Allows pressing one key at a time for combinations

Mousekeys

Uses numeric keypad to move mouse pointers

filter keys

ignores brief or repeated keystrokes

Toggle Keys

Plays sound cues when locking keys are pressed