High Middle ages/ renaissance

exchequer

a royal or national treasury

common law

 a body of unwritten laws based on legal precedents established by the courts

charter

\
a written grant by a country's legislative power, where a company, college, or city is founded and its rights and privileges defined.

persecute

subject (someone) to hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of their ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation or their political beliefs

hersey

 religious opinion that is opposed to the doctrines of a church. opinion that is opposed to a generally accepted belief.

lay investiture

conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.

lay person

a person who does not have expert knowledge of a particular subject.

repentant

expressing or feeling sincere regret and remorse; remorseful.

annul

declare invalid (an official agreement, decision, or result).

crusade

each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

holy land

The Holy Land is the city of Jerusalem.

levy

impose (a tax, fee, or fine).

scholatism

the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

flying buttress

a buttress (inclined bar carried on a half arch)  slanting from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports.

illumination

\
the art of illuminating a manuscript.

inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

longbow

**a hand-drawn wooden bow held vertically and used especially by medieval English archers**.

census

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

epidemic

 widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

What was the place of monarchs and nobles in High Middle Ages?

Feudal monarchs were the head of society but had limited power, nobles and the church has as much if not more power to the monarchs (held their own courts, collected taxes, manned armies)

What was the Norman Conquest?

The early middle ages brought repeated foreign invasions, **vikings, saxons, and Angles** all settled in england

**1066** king edward died without an heir, court decided his half brother Harold should rule, but the Duke of Normandy also claimed rule.

Who was Duke William of Normandy?

Duke of Normandy, of viking descent, claimed the throne

Raised in army with the support of the people, sailed across the english channel and won at the battle of hastings

On Christmas day 1066 he was crowned

How did royal power grow in the High Middle Ages?

* expanded royal domain
* undermined local or church courts with a royal court
* organized bureaucracy
* developed taxes and a standing army
* strengthened ties with the middle class

How did William exert his control?

By controlling the land: granted some small feifs but land was primarily his, all vassals owed their first loyalty to him. To learn about his kingdom he ordered a census (1**086)** called the doomsdays book” in which he listed every property any one had: Helped build an efficient tax system

How did Henry the fourth create a unified legal system?

inherited the throne in **1154** unified the legal system by;

* Turned unwritten customs into written law affecting all of England
* became foundation for common law
* People prefered royal court > Noble/Church court
* Royal court charged fees so the treasury grew
* England developed an early judicial system

How did Strong monarchs in england create conflicts with the Church?

Henry IV claimed the right to try the clergy; Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket disagreed. They used to be good friends but eventually became bitter enemies.

Henry exploded at his court and 4 knights took his words to heart, killing the Archbishop in his own cathedral in **1170**

Henry denied taking part in thus: relaxed his campaign against clergy as a show of his remorse

Becket became known as a martyr and a saint

How did the traditions of the english govt. evolve?

Power struggles between the nobles and the church continued, mostly over efforts to raise taxes and feudal rights

Who was King John?

He was Henry’s son, was greedy, cruel, clever, and untrustworthy. He had 3 major conflicts: with King Philip III, with Pope innocent III, and his own english nobles

What was King John’s conflict with King Philip III?

Since William, english rulers held lands in france. John seeked to keep that tradition and eventually came to blows with the king of france Philip III.

in **1205** he lost the war and had to forfeit english held lands in Anjou and Normandy

What was King John’s conflict with Pope Innocent III?

caused by a disagreement over the candidate for the Archbishop of Canterbury; john didn’t agree with Pope innocent III’s pick: so in response the pope excommunicated him and place England under interdict so to save his crown john had to give in

What was King John’s conflict with his own english nobles?

Angered his own nobles with oppressive taxes and other abuses of power; forcing him to sign the Magna Carta

What was the Magna Carta?

The document the rebellious nobles forced king john to sign in **1215**

affirmed a long list of feudal rights as well as including clauses protecting the church and townspeople

most important was protecting any ‘freeman’ from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions except legal judgement from his peers

King also agreed to not raise new taxes without first consulting his great council of clergy and lords

\
basically: monarchs had to follow the law and asserted nobles had rights too

How did Parliament develop?

After john rulers often called upon the great council for advice

* this evolved into parliament
* As parliaments role and power increased; england became more united

In **1295** Edward I summoned parliament to approve money for france wars

* He also had representatives of the “common people” with the lords and clergy
* two knights from each county and reps from each town
* This became known as model parliament because it set up the framework for parliament
* Parliament became a 2-house body: House of the lord and clergy and the house of commons
* parliament won the power of the purse \[right to approve any taxes\]
* could insist the monarch meet it’s demands before voting for taxes \[Checks and balances\]

Who were the successful monarchs in france?

Unlike England, rulers in france did not have a uniform kingdom to rule over; had little power over the patchwork of feudal lands

Who were the capetians?

A dynasty (lasted 300 years) started by Hugh Capetian after he was elected in **987** to fill the vacant throne

elected because he was thought to be very weak \[his vassals had more land than him\]

His and his descendants slowly increased royal power

How did Hugh Capetian and his descendants increase royal power

* making the throne hereditary
* added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other and stealing their lands
* won church support
* built an effective beurachracy
* govt. officials collected taxes and imposed laws
* establishing order led to increasing their presiege and winning middle class backing

\

Who was Philip Augustus?

Bald, red-faced, who ate and drank a lot but was an amazing and outstanding ruler

* instead of using nobles to fill govt. positions used middle class people who owed their loyalty to him and payed them
* granted charters to many towns
* organized a standing army
* imposed new national tax
* quadrupled french land through trickery diplomacy war and got english held french lands

most powerful ruler before his death in **1225**

Who was King Louis the ninth?

ascended to the throne in **1226** the ideal medieval monarch, was generous and noble; devote to justice and chivalry , deeply religious became a saint less than 30 years after his death

* led religious campaigns against muslims and jews
* united and centralized france by improving royal govt
* set up traveling officials
* expanded royal courts
* outlawed private wards
* ended serfdom
* ensured justice by often hearing out cases himself

Who was King Philip the Fourth?

Louis’ grandson, fought ruthlessly to expand royal power

* to raise cash he tried collecting cash from clergy
* pope boniface VIII forbade any tax on clergy without papal consent
* Philip threatened to arrest and clergy who didn’t pay up
* Fight escalated; philip sent troops to seize Boniface
* he escaped but was badly beaten and died soon after
* shortly after a frenchman replaced boniface and the papacy was moved to Avignon letting french rulers control religion in their own kingdom

What was the estates general?

French parliament: was used to rally support against the pope during boniface-philip struggle in **1302**

had reps. from all three class: townspeople, clergy, nobles

Later french kings consulted the estates general but they never were able to gain parliaments power

What was the holy roman empire?

Charlemagne’s empire that split after his death

Dukes of saxony extended power over germany and one declared himself King of Germany

Who was Otto I?

Declared himself king of germany and worked very closely with the church

appointed bishops to govt. positions and sent an army to italy to quell rebellions for the pope

**962** Pope crowned him emperor

His successors took the title of holy roman emperor because holy = crowned by pope and roman = successors to the roman empire

gained control over majority of eastern europe, central europe and some of france and Italy

* Real rulers of the land were the emperors vassals; hundreds of nobles and clergy
* German leader’s job: Keep vassals in line
* usually were not successful
* Often had conflict with the pope about the appointment of clergy specifically bishops

What was the conflict between the emperors and the popes?

Holy Roman emperor decided who became what clergy as Cluniac reforms increased, aimed to reduce this

\
Under Pope Gregory VII conflicts between clergy and rulers escalated to new heights

Who was Pope Gregory VII?

Either you loved him or hated him, determined to make church independant of state

* banned lay investiture; only the pope had the right to appoint clergy
* Popes ban was unpopular with Henry IV because he argued as many bishops helf royal lands he was their overlord and thus reserved the right to give them symbols of office
* tensions heated with insulting notes: some people saw an opportunity to undermine henry by siding with the pope thus increasing personal power
* in **1076** the pope excommunicates henry; and thus releases everyone from their loyalty to him; no one could support him without getting in trouble with god
* forced with no other decision presents himself and repentant sinner
* Gregory knew it was a play but as the pope had to forgive him; lifted order of excommunication
* returned to germany; quelled rebellious rulers, got revenge by leading an army to rome and forced the pope into exile

What was the concordat of Worms?

Struggle over lay investiture continue for 50 years

settled in **1122** both sides accepted the treaty: the concordat of Worms

* Church has sole power in electing clergy
* Emperor had the right to invest in them with feifs

\

What was the struggle for Italy?

Ambitious rulers sought to ‘master italy’

Northern france had very wealthy towns and the pope !

Who was Frederick Barbarossa?

Wanted a large empire: from the baltic to the Adriatic

* Fought to bring Northern Italy under his control
* resisted with the help of Pope Lombard and he was defeated
* succeeded in marrying his son Henry to the heiress of southern italy and sicily: Constance
* therefore intertwining germanic and italian affairs

Who was Frederick II?

Constance and Henry’s son: raised in southern Italy ; was able and arrogant: willing to do whatever it takes to get what he wants

* Spent little time in germany; pursed grandfathers ambitions in Italy; clashed repeatedly and unsuccessfully with the popes and tried to subdue the north but it didn’t work

\

How did the Frederick efforts in Italy affect Germany and Italy?

* Frederick was obsessing over italy so germanic nobles grew to be more independent
* Holy Roman empire survived but was severely fragmented & wouldn;t gain unity for another 600 years
* southern Italy fell into chaos; the pope turned to the French to overthrow fredericks heirs
* local uprising against the french turned into 200 years of france vs spain

When and What was the height of papal/church power?

Pope Innocent took office in **1198** embodied triumph of the church

* As head he claimed supremacy over all rulers; clashed with everyone (Frederick Barbosa & Philip II and) and Won
* teamed up with Philip II to lead the albigensian massacre in southern france
* crusade against the people in southern france because they wanted to return to the simpler days of early christianity
* tens of thousands were slaughtered

After his death his successors continued to claim papal supremacy

papal supremacy declined over the ages as french and english monarchs increased their power

* Philip of france eventually successfully stood up to Boniface
* papal power withered away after his engineering of the election of the pope

What was the world like in 1050?

* Europe coming out of self isolation
* During middle ages Islam had spread to be a big empire
* India was politically divided flourished nonetheless
* China had string central govt. culture flourished and influenced neighboring cultures with new tech and idea
* West africans built great trading empire in ghana
* Mayas cleared rainforests and built cities with towering temples
* peruvians built elegant works of art

Americans did not with europeans, africans, and asians

What were the crusades?

**1050s** seljuk turks invaded byzantine empire; extended their power into the middle east and the holy land; Alexis I asked Pope Urban II for christian knights to help fight the turks

* called for a crusade to defend the holy land

Why were people motivated to become crusaders?

* religous zeal
* hoped to win land
* escape troubles at home
* wanted adventure
* Pope wanted to heal the schism and more power

What were the victories and defeats of the Crusades?

Only the first crusade was successful the rest were busts and the fourth crusade was the final nail in byzantines coffin

What were the effects of the crusades on europe?

left a legacy of bitter religious hatred

Both muslims and christians committed atrocities

sometimes turned religious hatred against Jews; massacring entire communities

\
economic:

* europeans loved byzantine luxury
* crusades increased interconnection through trade
* Merchants in Italy built large fleets to carry crusaders that became repurposed for trade
* in order to finance crusades they encouraged a money economy; undermining serfdom

\
Monarch power:

* rulers won new rights to levy taxes
* some led crusades themselves increasing their prestige

\

Pope Power:

* Reached a height under enthusiasm in crusades
* popes were soon involved bitter clashes with feudal monarchs
* crusades didn’t schism 4th crusades exacerbated it

Wider worldview:

* contact with the muslim world open european eyes to globalization
* launched age of exploration **1400s**
* pulled europe out of isolation

What was the reconquista in spain?

* reconquering of christian territories in spain, king Ferdinand and Queen isabella married and united their empires, kicked out muslim rule and massacred anyone who refused to christian

What was the Black death?

Plague that ravaged eurasia

worse than any plague ever; one in three people died

What were the symptoms of the black death?

victims developed egg sized lumps under their arms

then they developed black spots on the skin

and they started spitting up blood and that’s how they knew they were dying

How did the black death affect the known world?

spread on flees from rats, rats were a common occurrence so people couldn’t pin point them as the problem

eventually subsided everywhere but Mongolia and in the 1200 Mongolian armies conquered much of asia setting off another strain

How did the black death cause social upheaval?

* brought terror and bewilderment : people were afraid and didn’t understand what was happening


* Some turned to witchcraft for cures
* Some indulged in wild pleasures because they would die soon anyways
* Others saw it as ‘gods punishment’ for their sins and whipped themselves as a sign of repentance
* Christians blamed jews, saying they poisoned the wells and slaughtered thousands
* Normal life completely broke down
* Society decayed
* people renounced all ties from one another
* avoided each other with the hope of avoiding the disease

How did the black death affect the economy?

* caused economy to plunge
* As workers and employers died production dipped
* survivors demanded higher pay
* inflation occured
* Landowners and merchants demanded laws limiting wages
* to lower costs many converted their expensive farmland into herding land
* Peasants were forced off the land and into cities where they were turned away from jobs
* resentment and the fear of the plague exploded into angry riots were peasants rampaged England, France, and Germany
* In cities artisans tried to demand more power and pay as well, wasn’t successful
* Plague spread civil unrest and death
* europe would not fully recover for more than 100 years

How did the black death cause upheaval in the church?

* brought scandal and spiritual crisis
* Many clergy died in the plague
* begging the question: Why does God spare some and kill others?
* unable to provide strong leadership pope moved papal court
* remained for 70 years in france, referred to as “Babylonian captivity of the church”
* In france, popes indulged in worldly pleasures
* Criticized for living worldly pleasures (goes against poverty vow) and anti clergy sentiment grew
* In **1378** the reformers elected their own pope who from rome
* French Cardinals responded by picking a rival pope
* Created a new schism: sometimes two even three popes claim to be the viceroy of christ
* In 1417 the church council at constance finallyed ended the crisis

What was the result of upheveal in the church?

* Moral Authority of the church weakened
* Popular preachers challenged its power
* Ex: John Wycliff an oxford professor who attacked church corruption
* He believed the bible NOT the church was the source of all christian truth
* Him and his followers began translating the bible into English for the general public
* Czech students wycliffe ideas into the now czech republic, where Hus led the call
* Church responded b

What was the 100' years war?

A long distructive series of conflicts between France and Engl

What caused the 100 years war?

* English Kings fought hard to keep their lands in france
* French kings wanted to expand their power through land
* In 1337 Endward III claimed the french crown thus setting off the conflicts
* Once started, they couldn’t stop because of economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride

Who was Joan of Arc?

A 17 year old peasant girl who in 1429 showed up at the uncrowned court of the French king Charles VII

told him god had sent her and convinced him to give her a small army

Inspired French troops to fight anew; In just a year she led the french to several victories and planted seeds for future victories

Paid for her success with her life; she was taken captive by allied of England and

What was the effect of the 100 years war?

Set french and Englush kings on very different paths :

* French kings expanded their power
* Forced english kings to rely on parliament more thus reducing their power
* Shattered english dreams of being a continental empire setting their sights abroad instead
* devalued the need for armored knights with new tech anyone could operate
* devalued castles because they couldn’t keep up with new tech

What happened after the 100 years War?

1400 europe recovered from the black death and the population and manufacturing grew causing an increase of trade

\
Italian cities flourished as centers of trade and the arts

Europe developed new tech

Europe grew stronger over the centuries became prominent as a global power