Principles of Medical Laboratory Science (PMLS) Reviewer

Vocabulary-style practice flashcards generated from lecture notes covering the history, timeline, legal framework, professional roles, ethics, terminology, and curriculum of Medical Technology.

Hippocrates

Known as the "Father of Medicine", author of the Hippocratic Oath, developer of the four humors theory, and advocate of urine tasting and lung listening for diagnostic purposes.

Galen

A Greek physician and philosopher who instigated a rudimentary qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids (the four humors) and described diabetes as "diarrhea of urine".

Four Humors

The primary bodily fluids defined in ancient medical theory: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Polydipsia

A medical condition characterized by excessive thirst.

Polyuria

A medical condition characterized by frequent urination.

Polyphagia

A medical condition characterized by increased hunger.

Water Casting (Uroscopy)

A widely practiced diagnostic technique in medieval Europe where patients submitted urine specimens in decorative flasks for examination.

John Hutchinson

The inventor of the spirometer, used for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs.

Jules Herisson

The inventor of the sphygmomanometer, used for measuring blood pressure.

Rene Laennec

The inventor of the stethoscope in 1816, representing the first diagnostic breakthrough for acquiring information about the lungs and heartbeat.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Known as the "Father of Microbiology", recognized for his work on improving the microscope in 1660 and advancing lenses for medical purposes in 1840.

Hermann von Helmholtz

Inventor of the ophthalmoscope in 1850 for visual technology and the heart-lung machine in 1931.

Manuel Garcia

Inventor of the laryngoscope in 1855, utilizing two mirrors to observe the throat and larynx.

Wilhelm Roentgen

Discoverer of X-rays in 1859, showing radiation penetration through solid objects to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis.

William Einthoven

Developer of the electrocardiograph in 1903 to measure electrical changes during the beating of the heart.

Elizabeth Kenny

Developer of the Kenny method in 1910 for the treatment of polio.

Philip Drinker

Developer of the Drinker respiratory in 1927 to assist patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis.

William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

The clinical laboratory opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1895.

John Kolmer

Published "The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians" in 1918 and called for a national scale certification method for medical technologists.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

Founded in 1922 to encourage cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists and to establish a code of ethics for allied health professionals.

Manila Public Health Laboratory

The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines, established during World War II by the 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila.

Dr. Pio de Roda

Reopened the Manila Public Health Laboratory in October 1945 alongside Dr. Mariano Icasiano and established a training program for laboratory workers with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana.

Dr. Jesse Umali

The first graduate of the B.S. Medical Technology program in the Philippines who later became an OB-gynecologist in the US.

Edward Jenner

Discovered vaccination in 1796 to establish immunity against smallpox, contributing significantly to Immunology.

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

Identified organs by their tissue types in 1880, marking a major contribution to Histology.

Agostino Bassi

Produced disease in worms by injecting organic material in 1835, marking the beginning of bacteriology.

Louis Pasteur

Successfully produced immunity to rabies in 1857.

Gregor Mendel

Known as the "Father of Genetics", enunciated laws of inherited characteristics through plant studies in 1866.

Joseph Lister

Demonstrated in 1870 that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms.

Robert Koch

Presented the first pictures of anthrax bacilli in 1877 and later tubercle bacilli.

Elie Metchnikoff

Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection in 1886.

Ernst von Bergmann

Introduced steam sterilization in surgery in 1886.

Karl Landsteiner

Distinguished human blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system in 1902.

August von Wassermann

Developed immunologic tests for syphilis in 1906.

Howard Ricketts

Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses, named rickettsiae, in 1906.

Hans Fischer

Worked out the structural composition of hemoglobin in 1929.

Jonas Salk

Developed the poliomyelitis vaccine in 1954.

James Westgard

Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in clinical laboratories in 1973.

Baruch Samuel Blumberg

Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine in 1980.

Kary Mullis

Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1985.

Andre van Steirteghem

Introduced intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF) in 1992.

James Thomson

Derived the first human stem cell line in 1998.

R.A. 5527

Also known as the Medical Technology Act of 1969, which defines the practice of medical technology in the Philippines.

Pathologist

A duly registered physician specially trained in methods of laboratory medicine to interpret tissues, secretions, and excretions to diagnose disease, head a clinical laboratory, and sign valid lab results.

Medical Laboratory Technician

A person certified by the Board of Medical Technology qualified to assist a medical technologist or pathologist, having passed the civil service exam or met specific educational and experience requirements under R.A. 5527.

Phlebotomist

An individual trained to draw blood specimens for clinical laboratory testing or blood donations.

Cytotechnologist

A laboratory personnel who works with a pathologist to detect subtle cell changes for early disease diagnosis, using staining techniques like Pap test and H&E.

Histotechnologist

A laboratory technician responsible for routine preparation, processing, and staining of biopsy and tissue specimens for microscopic analysis by a pathologist.

Nuclear Medical Technologist

A health professional who applies radiation physics rules to prepare radiopharmaceuticals and measure radionuclide distribution in patient specimens.

Toxicologist

A specialist who studies the effects of toxic substances on human, animal, and plant physiology for consumer protection and safety programs.

Ethics

The moral code guiding individual behavior and dealing with moral principles and the search for meaning in human existence.

Ethical Pragmatism

A philosophical movement started in the 1870s by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James focusing on theories of knowledge, truth, and meaning.

Ethical Utilitarianism

A school of ethics founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill stating that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on their consequences and tendency to promote happiness.

Voluntary Euthanasia

A practice where an individual provides explicit consent to undergo a painless death to end terminal suffering.

Non-voluntary Euthanasia

Euthanasia conducted when a patient's direct permission cannot be obtained, such as when they are in a deep coma or for infants born with severe birth defects.

Involuntary Euthanasia

Ending an individual's life when the individual does not give explicit consent.

Genetic Screening

A procedure used to screen, choose, and select genes to detect genetic diseases and chromosomal malformations early.

Root Word

The main component of a medical term that denotes its primary meaning (e.g., hemat- meaning blood).

Prefix

A word part attached to the beginning of a medical term to modify its meaning (e.g., hyper- meaning increased/above).

Suffix

A word part placed at the end of a root word to modify its meaning (e.g., -emia meaning blood).

Combining Vowel

A vowel (usually 'o') added between a root word and a suffix starting with a consonant to ease pronunciation without changing the meaning.

Curriculum

Derived from the Latin "currere" (to run), referring to the total knowledge, skills, objectives, units, assignments, and evaluation tools assigned to students in a course.

Commission on Higher Education (CHED)

The Philippine government agency established on May 18, 1994, under R.A. 7722 to cover public and private higher education institutions.

CMO No. 13 Series of 2017

The CHED Memorandum Order setting the policies, standards, and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science program.

Formative Assessment

A planned process where assessment evidence is collected during instruction to adjust ongoing teaching and learning tactics (e.g., quizzes, short essays).

Summative Assessment

An assessment conducted at the conclusion of an instructional period or unit to measure cumulative learning outcome attainment.

Diagnostic Assessment

An evaluation given before instruction begins to gauge pre-existing knowledge and skill gaps in students.