cell to diseases

Brain aneurysm

a ballooning arising from a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain

TBI (traumatic brain injury)

an injury to the brain caused by an external force

Intracranial hematoma

a collection of blood within the skull, specifically within the brain tissue or between the brain and skull

Stroke

a medical condition in which poor blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death

Transient ischemic stroke

a temporary stroke with noticeable symptoms that end within 24 hours

Hemorrhagic stroke

due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel

Apex

The blunt, superior end of the lung, extending above the first rib into the root of the neck

Base

The concave inferior surface of the lung, resting on the diaphragm

Costal surface

The large, outer surface of the lung, facing the ribs and thoracic wall

Mediastinal surface

The medial surface of the lung, facing the mediastinum, which contains the heart and other mediastinal structures

Diaphragmatic surface

The inferior surface of the lung, resting on the diaphragm

Anterior border

The anterior edge of the lung, where the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet, and includes the cardiac notch in the left lung

Inferior border

The sharp edge that separates the base of the lung from the costal surface

Posterior border

The posterior edge of the lung, extending from the apex to the inferior border

Fissures

Deep grooves or indentations that divide the lungs into lobes

Pneumonia

inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection

Pulmonary tuberculosis (tb)

a contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Asthma

a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways in your lungs, causing them to narrow and swell

COPD

a progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe

Emphysema

chronic lung disease, specifically a type of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), characterized by the destruction of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs

Emphyema

a condition where pus accumulates in the pleural space, the area between the lung and the chest wall

Bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs that causes coughing

Pulmonary metastatic lung tumor

a cancerous tumor in the lung that originated from another part of the body and spread to the lungs

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma

a type of lung cancer that originates in the glandular cells of the lungs

Aortic valve

Located on the right side of the sternum

Pulmonary valve

Located on the left side of the sternum

Tricuspid valve

Located in the fourth intercostal space, along the lower-left border of the sternum

Mitral valve

Located in the fifth intercostal space, along the mid-clavicular line

Intercostal spaces

Spaces between the ribs, used to locate the valves and other structures

Costal cartilages

The cartilages connecting the ribs to the sternum, used for reference

Clavicle

Used as a landmark, particularly in relation to the mitral valve

Coronary heart disease

a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart leads to Heart Attack

Heart failure

also known as congestive heart failure, is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood

Pericarditis

swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart

Cardiac valve disease

occurs when one or more of the heart's valves don't function properly, either by not opening fully (stenosis) or not closing tightly (regurgitation)

Myocardial infarction

caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium

Congenital heart defect (CHD)

a defect in the structure of the birth or great vessels that is present at birth

Rheumatic heart disease

a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever

Falciform ligament

A peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm, dividing the liver into right and left lobes

Ligamentum teres

A remnant of the umbilical vein, located in the free edge of the falciform ligament, extending from the umbilicus to the liver

Hepatic veins

Vessels that drain blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava

Portal vein

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

Caudate lobe

A smaller lobe located on the posterior surface, between the inferior vena cava and the portal vein

Quadrate lobe

Located on the inferior surface of the right lobe, near the gallbladder fossa

Couinaud’s segments

A system that divides the liver into eight functional segments based on vascular supply

Hepatocellular carcinoma

the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis

Viral hepatitis

a liver disease caused by a viral infection, leading to inflammation and potential damage of the liver

Alcoholic liver disease

liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption

Hemangioma

a benign (non-cancerous) tumor made up of extra blood vessels

Liver cirrhosis

a chronic condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue is replaced with scar tissue and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease

End stage liver disease

a severe condition where the liver is damaged beyond repair, often due to chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis

Appendix

A finger-like projection extending from the cecum, primarily composed of lymphoid tissue

Cecum

A sac-like structure that forms the beginning of the large intestine

Intussusception

A serious condition where part of the intestine telescopes into itself, causing severe pain and other symptoms

Hirschsprung disease

A birth defect that affects the large intestine, causing difficulty passing stool and other symptoms

Ulcerative colitis

a long-term condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed

Colonic diverticulitis

a gastrointestinal disease characterized by inflammation of abnormal pouches—diverticula—that can develop in the wall of the large intestine

Xiphoid process

The superior landmark, located at the base of the sternum

Umbilicus

The belly button, a useful midline landmark, lies roughly at the level of the L3-L4 vertebrae

Ureteral stones

Kidney stones can travel down the ureters and get lodged, causing pain and potential obstruction

Ureterocele

A congenital abnormality where the lower end of the ureter bulges into the bladder

Ureteral stricture

Narrowing of the ureter, often due to scarring, can impede urine flow

Fundus

This is the bottom, back part of the bladder

Body

This is the largest part of the bladder, situated between the apex and the fundus, and it serves as the main reservoir for urine

Apex

This is the top, front part of the bladder, directed towards the abdominal wall

Neck

This is the constricted area where the bladder connects to the urethra