Unit 2: The Age of Reformation Key Concepts

_________ challenged the idea for a unified Europe

Religious pluralism

Conflicts among religious groups shifted into _____ and _____ competition

political and economic competition

While there were shifts in life into capitalism, in spite of that, facets of ______ social and economic structures persisted

medieval

The _____ remained the primary social and economic institution of Europe

family

Reformers, such as ____ ____ and ____ _____ criticized and challenged Catholic ideas

Martin Luther and John Calvin

Some Protestant groups thought that _____ _________ was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work, such as Calvinists

wealth accumulation

Protestants used the ___ ____ to spread their ideas, which helped spread religious reform 

printing press

The Catholic Reformation, examplified by the _______ ____ and the _____ __ _____, revived the Church, but cemented the division in Christianity

Jesuit Order and the Council of Trent

______ and _____ artists employ distortion, drama and illusion in their work

Mannerists and Baroque

Habsburg rulers tried unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across Europe while confronting an expanding _____ _____

Ottoman Empire

A few states, such as France with the ____ __ ____ (1598), allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain peace

Edict of Nantes

The _____ ____ _____ (1648), marked the end of universal Christendom, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the end of the Thirty Years’ War

Peace of Westphalia

Reflecting ideas of social and economic upheaval, accusations of ______ peaked between 1580 and 1650

witchcraft

War of the Three ____, a war for control of France, between Catholic and Protestant and another person

Henries

After the wedding between a Catholic and Protestant in France, Catherine de’ Medici orders the killing of the Huguenots, the French Protestants

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A group of German princes who wanted to practice Protestantism, who formed a league (same name as the war), a lot of fighting later, led to the Peace of Augsburg (1555), where princes could choose for their own people to be Lutheran or Catholic, but not other denominations.

Schmalkaldic War

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during 30 Years’ War, he tried to defend Christianity against Protestantism and the Ottoman Empire