PT 433 Motor Learning

Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous

Fitts' 3 Stages of Motor Learning

Cognitive

slowest Fiits motor learning stage

cognitive

verbal motor stage where we need a lot of attention to gain a general idea of how to do a movement

associative

Motor Learning stage where we organize more effective movement patterns

Autonomous

Motor learning stage where we can produce action almost automatically with little or no attention

Autonomous

Most accurate, consistent, and efficient stage of motor learning

decreases

Level of attention _____________ as Fitts' Stages of Motor Learning progress

Bernstein

Who proposed the System's Model of Motor Learning?

systems model of motor learning

suggests that movement results from the interaction of multiple systems working in synchrony to solve a motor problem.

Noice, Advanced, Expert

Stages of Systems Model of Motor Learning

Degrees of Freedom

What is reduced in the novice stage of the Systems Model of Motor Learning

Release DOFs

What happens in the advanced stage of the Systems Model of Motor Learning

expert

Autonomous stage of the Systems model of motor learning where one exploits passive dynamics

Nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)

Two types of learning

nondeclarative (implicit)

Learning without conscious awareness of what has been learned

skilled movements, habits

Examples of nondeclarative (implicit) learning

Declarative (explicit)

Results in knowledge that can be consciously recalled and thus requires processes such as awareness, attention, and reflection

facts, events

Examples of Declarative (explicit) learning

procedural learning

learning develops through repetition of an action

classical, operant

learning which is also part of the learning theory, which fall under associative learning

habituation, sensitization

Nonassociative learning methods

Nondeclarative

What type of learning methods are procedural, associative, and nonassociative learning?

Classical Conditioning

Implicit learning involving an unconditioned and conditioned stimulus to form an association, as in Pavlov's Dog.

Operant conditioning

Implicit learning involving behavior becoming more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces.

novelty

What is one disadvantage to operant conditioning?

Nonassociative learning

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus

habituation

Nonassociative learning where we suppression of a response to a non noxious stimulus

Sensitization

Nonassociative learning where we increase a response to a potentially injurious stimulus

habituation

Vestibular dysfunction or tactile defense mechanisms could lead to _________________

Sensitization

Falling would lead to what implicit learning response?

encoding consolidation storage retrieval

Explicit Memory Processes process in order

Recall, recognition

Two types of retrieval

recal

Fill in the blank type of retrieval

recognition

Retrieval with the answer provided and choosing the correct choice

encoding specificity

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Short term sensory storage

Memory System where we receive information

Short term working memory

Memory system achieved once we give attention to sensory information

unrehearsed

From short term working memory __________________ information is lost.

encode

To get information from short term working memory to long term memory, we must:

Long term memory

Where is information "retrieved" from?

0.2-1s

Duration of STSS (Short term sensory storage)

30s

Duration of STM

lifetime

Duration of LTM

Large

Capacity of STSS

7 +/- items, chunking

Capacity of STM

Limitless

Capacity of LTM

Max certainty, min energy expenditure, min movement time

What are the 3 qualities of Skill Proficiency

Systems model

The Learning Experience venn Diagram involving the learner, task, and environment, has a relationship to what learning theory?

stage of learning

The learning experience depends on the:

open/close, affordance, ecological plasticity

What 3 factors should we consider when structuring the learning environment?

close vs open

Factor of structuring the environment which depends on predictability of the environment

affordance

Factor of structuring the environment which describes the possibility of an action on an object or environment

ecological plasticity

Factor of structuring the environment which describes the enriched environment and the influence of curiosity

Discrete

Task with discrete beginning and end, and therefore short and fast

serial

Task with discrete actions linked together

continuous

Task with no distinct beginning and end, but instead involves repeated movement

Discrete

What classification of tasks would involve open loop control?

discrete, continuous

What classification of tasks would involve close loop control?

Constant

When organizing practice, should we start with constant or variable practice of a skill for beginners?

Random

Between blocked and random learning, which one demonstrates a better learning effect?

blocked learning

a skill is repeated over and over, with minimal interruption by other activities

massed

Learning which involves a lot of practice time and minimal resting time

distributed

learning which involves less practice and more rest/recovery time

Part to Whole Practice

Selected serial tasks that can be divided into meaningful units

whole practice

If part-to-part interaction is large, would you spend more time on "part practice" or "whole practice"

serial

what kind of tasks can we use Part to whole practice for?

chaining

each step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved

Forward chaining

the behaviors identified in the task are taught in their naturally occurring order. Only targets one step at a time from the beginning.

backward chaining

Training begins the link with the last behavior in the sequence.
Trainer performs all but the last step until the learner masters the last step.

pictures, videos

Practice methods that augment therapeutic intervention

demonstrations, modeling

Examples of "instructions" practice

declaritive

Practice with knowledge of a concept or idea

mental practice

the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements

procedural

Practice with knowledge of the process or skill, or "how the task will feel"

False

Mental practice is better than actual practice of a skill. True or False.

good

Do we learn more from good or poor feedback?

100%

For beginners, should we have 100% or 50% feedback?

Feedback fades

How should the frequency of feedback change as the learner progresses?

terminal, concurrent

Timing options for feedback

coach

Who provides extrinsic feedback to the learner?

KOP

Feedback which focuses on the quality of movement

KOR

Feedback which focuses on the outcome of the goal

task-specific transfer

Best way to practice a task and transfer a skill, yet lacking in feasibility in some situations

Generalized transfer

Transfer of fundamental movement patterns to a larger skill; open skill too hard for task-specific transfer