Clin Path Exam 2

Neutrophil granules stain

neutral

Bands are what kind of neutrophil

immature

Mature neutrophils have what kind of nucleus

segmented

Granulocytic granules are lysosomes that contain

hydrolytic enzymes and antibacterial agents

When do primary granules appear in maturing neutrophils

promyelocyte

When do secondary granules appear in maturing neutrophils

myelocyte

Primary granules contain what important enzyme

myeloperoxidase

What is the equivalent to neutrophils in birds, reptiles, and rabbits

heterophils

Heterophils have variably staining red granules that make them hard to tell apart from

eosinophils

What kind of WBC recirculates from tissue to blood

lymphocytes

What kind of tissue WBC may return by lymphatics

eosinophils

What kind of WBC may shuttle back to the bone marrow

monocytes

Neutrophil circulating half life

10-15 hours

How long can neutrophils last in tissue

few days

Neutrophils undergo what if they remain in the blood and don’t encounter bacteria

apoptosis

WBC with rapid turnover rate

neutrophils

2 pools of neutrophils

marginating and circulating

Marginating neutrophils are loosely attached to

vascular endothelium in small vessels and capillary beds

The majority of marginating neutrophils are found attached to vascular endothelium of small vessels in the

lungs

Pseduoneutrophilia is caused by

epinephrine or exercise

Neutrophils shift into what pool with epinephrine

circulating pool

Most lymphocytes are found where

in lymphoid organs

Most blood lymphocytes are

naive T and B cells

Most prominent cat lymphocyte

T cell

Not all circulating lymphocytes come from the bone marrow, some are

recirculating from the tissues

Homing and recirculation of lymphocytes requires

adhesion molecules

What do lymphocytes bind to in order to be rehomed and recirculated

high endothelial venules in lymphoid organs

How long does it take for lymphocytes to migrate through a LN and back into blood

10 hours

Memory lymphocytes prefer to return to

the type of tissue they met their antigen in

Do proliferating cells like plasma cells migrate

minimally

How long do T cells survive

years

How long do B cells survive

2-3 weeks for individual cells, but clones can proliferate for years

How long do NK cells survive

2 weeks

Monocyte circulating half life

1-3 days

What type of cell develops into macrophages and DCs in tissues

monocytes

How long do monocytes last in tissues

weeks-months

Eosinophil circulating half life

less than 1 day

Basophil circulating half life

1-2 days

Eosinophil tissue survival

1 week

Basophil tissue survival

few days

Lysed, falling apart, dying, degenerate neutrophils are seen in

septic neutrophilic inflammation

Activated neutrophils increase expression and binding of

beta 2 integrin

Activated neutrophils shed

L selectin

Beta 2 integrin binds tightly to what kind of molecules on the endothelium of veins

intracellular adhesion molecules

Activated neutrophils generate what kind of radical

superoxide

Haptotaxis is another word for

chemotaxis

Neutrophils receptors for chemoattractants increase or decrease during activation

increase

IL8, C5a, PAF, leukotriene B4, and bacterial products are all types of what that aid in directing neutrophils in the tissues

chemoattractants

Diapedesis

WBCs squeeze through the intact walls of blood vessels to enter surrounding tissues

When a neutrophil phagocytizes a bacterium what kind of granules fuse with the phagosome

primary granules

Myeloperoxidase combine Cl- and H2O2 to form

hypochlorous acid (bleach)

Neutrophils can kill via direct damage with

ROS

How do neutrophils kill with cationic proteins

insert defensins into the lipid bilayer

Lactoferrin is used by neutrophils to kill bacteria because

it binds iron and makes it unavailable to the microbes

Neutrophil Extracellular traps are composed of

processed chromatin fibers containing histones, proteins from granules, and cytoplasmic proteins

NETs are a way for neutrophils to kill without

phagocytosis

NETosis is an active or passive form of cell death

active

NETosis requires production of what kind of free radicals

superoxide

What other cell types beside neutrophils release extracellular traps

eosinophils and mast cells

Most tissue eosinophils are found in the

GI mucosa

Eosinophils are present during what kind of inflammation

Th2 cytokine-induced

Eosinophils are present during

allergic reactions and helminth infections

What kind of worms do eosinophils defend against

flukes and roundworms

Why are eosinophils not always seen in the blood during helminth infections or allergies

They are released quickly and enter the GI mucosa

Helminths are too large to phagocytize so eosinophils release what during degranulation to damage and kill the worms

oxygen metabolites, major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil neurotoxin

Cat eosinophilic granules

red and rod-shaped

Dog eosinophilic granules

red and round

Basophil granules in a cat

small and numerous

Basophil granules in a dog

large but few

Origin of basophil precursors

bone marrow

Origin of mast cell precursors

bone marrow

Basophil site of maturation

bone marrow

Mast cell site of maturation

tissues

Mast cell survival time

weeks-months

Basophil and mast cell granules contain

histamine

Histamine is bound to what in basophil and mast cell granules

polyanions (heparin)

Basophils are recruites to sites of inflammation after exposure to

allergens, helminths, and ectoparasites

Basophils and mast cells degranulate and release histamine after what

antigen-IgE binding

Basophils and mast cells recruit what other WBC

eosinophils

What WBC does: phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, inflammation, and hematopoiesis

monocytes

Which WBC is mobilized rapidly from marrow in response to inflammatory cytokines

monocytes

M-CSF

promotes transformation of monocytes into macrophages

M1 macrophages

antimicrobial

M2 macrophages

wound repair and tissue remodeling

When a monocyte becomes a macrophage it increases in

size, granules, mitochondria, and phagocytic capacity

Which has more MPO neutrophils or macrophages

neutrophils

Antimicrobial properties of M1 macrophages

NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide

Neutrophils are important for killing bacteria while macrophages are better at killing

viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths

Which free radical is more important in macrophages

nitric oxide

Macrophage scavenger receptors allow macrophages to phagocytize

aged or damaged cells that are not opsonized

Can macrophages phagocytize non-opsonized cells

yes

What cell do macrophages phagocytize that allow for recycling of iron stores

RBCs

Red pulp macrophages in the spleen remove

blood-borne pathogens

What 2 types of lymphocytes have granules

cytotoxic T cells and NK cells

CD4 helper T cells defend against pathogens by

releasing cytokines to recruit and activate other immune cells

CD8 cytotoxic T cells defend against pathogens by

destroying target cells

B cells produce

immunoglobulin

After an antigen binds to the BCR and activates the B cell what kind produce immunoglobulin

Ig-producing immunoblasts and plasma cells

What kind of immunoglobulin is prodcued intially after B cell activation

IgM

NK cells bind and induce apoptosis in what kinds of cells

tumor cells and virus-infected cells