study guide review bio

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to fungi and plant biology, derived from lecture notes.

What is Mycorrhizae?

A symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungus.

What are Coenocytic hyphae?

Hyphae that lack dividing cell walls.

What are Septate hyphae?

Hyphae with cells separated by dividing cell walls.

What is Phylum Deuteromycota?

Known as the 'imperfect fungi,' characterized by asexual reproduction and no observed sexual stage.

What is Lichen?

Symbiotic organisms formed by fungi in symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria; examples include Foliose, Crustose, and Fruticose types.

Which fungal phylum contains the world's largest known organism and is characterized by its elaborate sexual reproduction?

Phylum Basidiomycota.

What are Plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose.

What are Fungi cell walls made of?

Chitin.

What is the largest and most diverse fungi phylum?

Phylum Ascomycota.

What are Conidia?

Asexual spores in ascomycetes.

What are Ascospores?

Sexual spores in ascomycetes.

What is the evolutionary relationship of fungi?

Most closely related to animals.

What kind of fungus is Ringworm?

A member of Phylum Deuteromycota.

What is the predominant ploidy of fungi?

Haploid, which is where fungi spend most of their life.

What is Karyogamy?

The fusion of nuclei during syngamy.

What is Plasmogamy?

The fusion of cytoplasm during syngamy.

In which cell ploidy can Mitosis occur?

Can occur in haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

What are Haustoria?

Modified hyphae that penetrate organisms and cells to release exoenzymes.

What is the Heterokaryotic stage?

A cellular stage in fungi where plasmogamy has occurred but karyogamy has not yet, resulting in cells containing multiple unfused nuclei from different parents.

What is the Ascomycota sexual reproduction sequence?

Dikaryotic ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, zygote is formed in the ascus, meiosis produces 4 haploid nuclei, following mitosis ascospores are dispersed.

What is observed in Deuteromycota sexual reproduction?

No sexual reproduction stages are observed in this phylum.

What is the end product of Mitosis?

Produces 2 genetically identical cells.

What is the end product of Meiosis?

Produces 4 genetically distinct cells.

What is the ploidy of a Basidiocarp?

Heterokaryotic.

What is a Conidiophore?

The structure in Phylum Ascomycota that releases asexual spores (conidia).

How many Ascospores are produced from one diploid cell in Ascomycetes?

8 ascospores.

Which fungi phyla have both sexual and asexual reproduction?

Phylum Chytridiomycota, Phylum Zygomycota, Phylum Ascomycota.

Which fungi phylum has only asexual reproduction?

Phylum Deuteromycota.

What is a Gametophyte in plants?

A haploid structure that produces gametes.

What is a Sporophyte in plants?

A diploid structure that produces spores.

How do Gametophytes produce gametes?

Through mitosis, producing haploid gametes.

How do Sporophytes produce spores?

Through meiosis, producing haploid spores.

What is the function of Xylem?

Transports water and minerals in vascular plants.

What is the function of Phloem?

Transports food (sugars) in vascular plants.

Which phyla are included in Nonvascular plants?

Includes Phylum Bryophyta, Phylum Hepatophyta, and Phylum Anthocerophyta.

What is Phylum Anthophyta?

A phylum of vascular, seed-producing flowering plants.

What is the function of a Rhizoid in plants?

Anchorage in plants.

What is the dominant generation in nonvascular plants?

Gametophyte.

What is the dominant generation in vascular plants?

Sporophyte.

Which phyla are included in Vascular seedless plants?

Includes Phylum Psilophyta, Phylum Pterophyta, and Phylum Lycophyta.

Which plants reproduce through seeds?

Includes Phylum Ginkgophyta and Phylum Anthophyta.

What is an Antheridium (fern)?

On a fern's bisexual gametophyte, it produces and contains sperm.

What is an Archegonium (fern)?

On a fern's bisexual gametophyte, it produces and contains the egg.

What is the result of Double fertilization (angiosperms)?

Results in a triploid endosperm and a diploid zygote.

What is the Stamen?

The male reproductive organ in flowers.

What is the Pistil?

The female reproductive organ in flowers.

What do Microspores become in heterosporic plants?

Will become male gametophytes.

What does a Pollen cone produce in the pine life cycle?

Produces the microspore.

Why are Bryophytes dependent on water for reproduction?

Bryophytes are tied to water for reproduction, allowing flagellated sperm to swim to the egg.

What does the presence of pollen cones indicate?

Indicates a plant species belonging to phyla like Gnetophyta (gymnosperms).

What are Dicots characterized by?

Typically have floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5, contain two cotyledons, and have vascular bundles arranged in a ring throughout the stem.

What is the approximate number of extant flowering plant species?

Approximately 250,000 out of roughly 300,000 extant living plant species.

What is a Micropyle?

A small opening through which pollen must enter to fertilize the ovule.

What is the ploidy of fungal spores?

Haploid.

What is the ploidy of plant spores?

Haploid.

What is the direct result of fertilization?

Diploid zygote formation.

Are Ferns homosporous?

Ferns are homosporous, meaning they produce only one type of spore.

What does an Ovulate cone produce in the pine life cycle?

Produces the megaspore.