American History

Triangular Trade Route

Name of the trade route connecting North American Colonies, Europe, Africa and the Caribbean.

Middle Passage

Linked Colonies and Africa for the transportation of enslaved peoples.

Southern Division

Division where plantations would be found.

New England Division

Division where more schools would be found.

Southern Area

Produced the most cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, and rice.

New England Religion

Region where religion was predominant.

Puritans

Religious group predominant in New England.

Catholics

Religious group predominant in Maryland.

Protestants

Religious group predominant in the Southern colonies.

Quakers

Religious group predominant in Middle/Pennsylvania.

New England Trading

Region where trading would be predominant.

Direct Democracy

System where men could vote in town meetings in New England.

Representative Democracy

System where representatives are sent to vote on behalf of the district in Southern and Middle colonies.

House of Burgesses

Virginia's Representative legislative body.

Seven Years War

Also known as the French and Indian War.

Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the Seven Years War.

Taxation after the war

Britain's treatment of colonists changed to include taxation to repay debts and restriction of territory expansion.

Stamp Act

Legislation requiring all paper to have a stamp (tax).

Quartering Act

Legislation requiring colonists to house or pay for soldier housing.

Townshend Acts

Tax on imported goods such as tea, paper, lead, and glass.

Tea Act

Legislation where the Townshend Act was repealed except for tea.

Boston Tea Party

Event where Sons of Liberty dressed up and dumped British tea in the Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

Also known as Coercive Acts; included Quartering again and required all trials to be extradited back to England.

Declaration of Independence

Purpose was to formally declare independence from Great Britain.

Articles of Confederation

Faults included no central authority, inability to collect taxes, and no central court system.

Bill of Rights

Purpose is to hold the government accountable by giving rights to citizens and states.

Judiciary Acts of 1789 and 1801

1789 set up federal court system; 1801 involved Midnight Judges filling judiciary with Federalists.

Hamilton's National Plan

Included a National Bank, establishing free trade, and assuming state debt with an excise tax on whiskey.

Elastic Clause

Allows the government to make laws that can change and adapt with its people.

Washington's last advice

Stay out of foreign affairs and don't form political parties.

XYZ Affair

Involved three representatives sent to France where France asked for a bribe, angering Americans against the French.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Conditions included getting rid of immigrants and prohibiting speaking out against the government.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the US; included land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

Marbury v Madison

Resulted from the Judiciary Act of 1801 and established Judicial Review.

War Hawks

Young Republicans who pushed for war due to impressments, forts, Native American problems, and GB trade obstruction.

Jackson Administration Issues

Native Americans were moved west after the Indian Removal Act; Cherokee Indians sued in Worcester v GA and won.

Tariff of Abomination

Passed by Jackson to receive political favour, despite his disagreement.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written by John Calhoun, calling the tariff unconstitutional.

Specie Circular Act

Led to national economic decline by causing land speculation.

Nat Turner

Famous for leading a slave rebellion that resulted in harsher slave laws.

2nd Great Awakening

Stressed human choice over God's choice, empowering women and ordinary people.

Immigration effect on 19th century America

More than doubled the population.

Voting changes in the 1800s

Property requirement was lifted.

McCulloch v Maryland

Supreme Court case that solidified implied powers of Congress.

Social distinctions in the North

Rich got richer, poor got poorer.

California Gold Rush

Created a population surge allowing California to become a state.

Manifest Destiny

Idea that the US was destined to own the entire continent.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican American War and granted the US the Mexican Cession.

Antietam

Union victory; single bloodiest day battle, prevented British support for the South.

Gettysburg

Union victory; turning point of the war, Lincoln's Gettysburg address.

Sherman's March to Sea

Union victory; left a mile wide path of destruction through Georgia.

Vicksburg

Union victory; turning point of the war in the West.

Appomattox Court House

Event where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the war.

Advantages of the North

More money, larger population, more industry, more RR tracks.

Lincoln's main goal

Preserve the Union, proven by his lenient 10% plan.

Andrew Johnson's plan

Required personal requests for pardons and vetoed the Civil Rights Act.

Radical Republicans

Republican congressmen who wanted to punish the South for the Civil War.

Wade-Davis Bill

Plan for Reconstruction requiring new representatives and abolishing slavery.

Ratify amendments 14-15

Amendments that address citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.

Occupations that increased settlement to the West

Mining, farming, ranching.

Dawes Act

Forced assimilation of indigenous peoples into 'American' life and onto reservations, written by Henry Dawes.

A Century of Dishonor

A book written by Helen Hunt Jackson detailing the atrocities of the American Plains Indigenous peoples.

Overproduction problem

Farmers faced lower prices caused by new technology.

Impact of Railroads on US Economy

Opened up markets across the US, expanded industry, and aided agriculture by transporting resources.

Factory work in the late 1800s/early 1900s

Characterized as dirty, dangerous, and low paying.

Purpose of a Labor Union

To gain better wages, hours, and benefits for its workers.

US Economic policy of the late 1800s

Laissez-Faire.

Reason for lack of immigration restrictions in the late 1800s

New factories and machinery did not require skilled labor, and immigrants provided cheap labor.

Equality

All people are treated the same way and valued equally.

Rights

Powers or privileges granted to people either by an agreement among themselves or by law.

Liberty

Freedom.

Opportunity

The chance for people to pursue their hopes and dreams.

Democracy

A system of government founded on the principle that the power to rule comes from the People.

Problems at the Turn of the Century

Cities and workplaces, environment, politics, society.

Living conditions of 40% of Americans at the turn of the century

Cities, attracted by jobs, amusements, skyscrapers, and department stores.

Living conditions of the poor in cities

Slums/tenements with garbage and waste in the streets, no running water or bathrooms, small, crowded, disease spread quickly.

Growth of industry after the Civil War

Fueled by advances in communication, transportation, and technology.

Reasons for African Americans fleeing the South

Mobs were attacking African Americans through lynching, beating, and burning.

Muckraker

A journalist who exposes the problems of society to the public.

Jacob Riis

A muckraker who wrote 'How the Other Half Lives.'

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker who wrote 'The Jungle.'

Corruption in politics examples

1. Rigged elections, 2. Patronage, 3. Passing laws that benefited big businesses.

Main goal of the progressives

To improve American society.

Progressives addressing child labor

Created the National Child Labor Committee which pushed for child labor laws.

Progressives addressing slum life

Opened settlement houses and improved slums; government responded with laws like the Tenement House Act.

Direct Primary

Voters hold elections to choose candidates from each party to run for office.

Private voting

Citizens voted in private booths and used an official ballot.

Secret Ballot

Citizens voted in private booths and used an official ballot.

Recall

Process where voters can remove an elected official before his or her term expires.

Initiatives

Citizens are able to propose and pass a law directly without going through the legislatures.

Referendums

When the voters demand and get the right to vote on an issue.

Workers' compensation

Legal right of workers who are injured at work to receive some pay.

NAACP

Group formed to fight segregation.

Progressives

A law passed by the state government is placed on a ballot for approval or rejection by the voters.

Activists

A person dedicated to the cause of reform and prepared to use political action.

NAWSA

Group formed to organize the women's suffrage movement.

Suffrage

The right to vote (for women).

Hull House

Chicago's first settlement house, created by Jane Addams.

National Child Labor Committee

Organization that promotes laws restricting child labor.

Theodore Roosevelt

First progressive president, served from 1901-1909.