Head and Neck Anatomy

What are the 4 primary muscles of mastication?

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

What are the muscles of mastication supplied by?

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CN V3

What are the 4 accessory muscles of mastication?

tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid -> CN V3

Function of masseter

elevates mandible

Function of temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible

Function of medial pterygoid

elevates mandible and pulls it to the opposite side

Function of lateral pterygoid

Both heads protrude mandible, lower head depresses mandible

Where does the medial pterygoid originate?

medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla

What is the TMJ?

Synovial joint between the head of the mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa of temporal bone

If the jaw is opened too widely, due to excessive laughing, eating, yawning, or to trauma, the head of the mandible may pass anterior to the articular tubercle and be stuck on the anterior slope due to the tension of the masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid resulting in a?

Dislocation of TMJ

What bones make up the pterion?

frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

Where does the inferior alveolar nerve enter and where does it go?

Mandibular foramen and goes through the mandibular canal

What does the infratemporal fossa contain?

CN V3 and the maxillary artery and their branches, as well as medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

What nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

What nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

mandibular nerve (V3)

What artery passes through the foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

What nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X), and Spinal Accessory (CN XI)

What nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

Facial (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

What nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Opthalmic (CN V1), and Abducens (CN VI)

What nerve passes through the optic canal?

Ophthalmic (CN II)

What nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

What nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen (motor) and petrotympanic fissure (parasymp)

Chorda Tympani (CN VII)

Which artery is associated with a epidural hematoma?

Middle meningeal artery

Which ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland?

Otic ganglion

Where doe the maxillary artery branch from?

External carotid artery

What is the pathway of the lingual nerve?

begins in the infratemporal fossa, descends along the medial side of the mandible, and then enters the oral cavity to innervate the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and the floor of the mouth

Soft palate movements are essential for?

Swallowing and speaking

The 5 muscles of the soft palate: tensor veli palatini, uvula, levator veli palatini, and palatoglossus. Which is the only one innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)? What are the others innervated by?

Tensor veli palatini, all others innervated by the vagus (CN X)

Palatoglossus function?

elevates the tongue or depresses the soft palate

Levator veli palatini function?

elevates soft palate

Tensor veli palatini function?

tenses/flattens soft palate

Styloglossus function?

retraction, cupping

Hyoglossus function?

depresses tongue

Genioglossus function?

depresses and protrudes tongue

Palatoglossus function?

retraction, elevation, also depresses uvula thus bringing tongue and soft palate into contact

What nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Lingual nerve (CN V3)

What nerve provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Which nerve provides general sensation and taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What is the relation of the submandibular duct to the lingual nerve?

The submandibular duct crosses over the lingual nerve (ducts float)

Which two CNs are the salivary glands innervated via autonomic control (parasympathetic)?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and facial nerve (CN VII)

What are the functions of the inner longitudinal layers of the larynx: salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus?

Function to elevate and shorter (widen) pharynx during swallowing

What is the stylopharyngeus innervated by?

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

What are the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus innervated by?

Vagus (CN X)

What muscle is the floor of the oral cavity? What muscle is directly on top of it?

Mylohyoid and geniohyoid on top

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

1. phonation 2. sphincter for respiratory system 3. help swallow

What is the piriform recess?

An important feature that directs the food away from the airway and into the esophagus.

Function of true vocal cords?

voice production

Function of false vocal cords?

Have little to no part in voice production, serve a protective function

Function of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

adducts vocal folds - whisper

Function of transverses interarytenoid muscle?

Adducts vocal folds - quieter

Function of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

abducts vocal folds - yelling

Function of cricothyroid muscle?

tenses vocal cords

Function of vocalis muscle?

Fine tuning of pitch - constricts

The larynx is supplied by what nerves?

Superior laryngeal nerve with internal and external laryngeal branches of vagus nerve.