AMH 2020 UF Midterm

Fisk Jubilee Singers

Black singers raised money for HBCU Fisk University

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

blacks and former slaves become citizens

15th amendment

male blacks have the right to vote

Colfax, Louisiana April 1873

Black sheriff is appointed, white male Christopher Columbus Nash leads an overthrow, up to 80 black men killed and 3 whites, no murders charged - narrative written that it was caused by blacks and "the white race will forever be destroyed"

Gilded Age 1870 - 1890

Time period of major political corruption in American politics. Many immigrants came to America to find wealth.

what followed mass immigration

industrialization, urbanization

Jay Gould

at 24 years old he bought railroads for cheap and resold it for substantial profit - died as the richest man in America

Rail road industry suggested

you do not need skill to be rich

Andrew Carnegie and vertical integration

The technique of controlling every aspect of the production process. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry, the goal is to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen's fees.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, had a virtual monopoly by creating The Trust - a committee where oil companies consolidate their efforts

Labour Strike of 1877

the first to happen, BML railroad announces 10% wage cut and 10% stockholder increase, 100 thousand workers on strike in 10 days leading to 500 thousand strikers

Effects of Civil War and Labour

people moved to urban areas looking for work in factories, word got out to other parts of the world triggering a mass migration, immigrants were willing to work for far cheaper than Americans - increased tension between white Americans and non-white non-Americans.

What lead to Haymarket 1886

poor working conditions and long work hours lead to a 40,000 workers to go on strike, strike breakers took the jobs of those on strike. At Haymarket Affair (a rally for speakers of labour strikes) police were ordered to shut it down but someone threw a bomb and police were ordered to kill everyone in attendance. This halted the movement towards 8 hour working days rather than 12.

Evelyn Nesbit - Ragtime

- sex symbol - a creature of capitalism - represented and treated as an object

- not in control of her own-self

- originally from the working class and marries a rich man

Emma Goldman - Ragtime

outspoken white woman that challenges Evelyn's lifestyle

Mother - Ragtime

In-between version of Goldman and Nesbit

-transforms throughout novel: becomes more independent, more forceful in her demands, relationship with Tateh

-represents women's self awakening and involvement

Progressive Era 1890 - 1916

a period of social activism and political reform

socialism

reference to regulation from local govt. to businesses to protect consumers, workers and the environment

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Nov 1909 the women working at the factory went on strike (mostly immigrants), thousands of others joined.

In the Spring of 1911 the factory went up in flames but the fire escape was locked and women were trapped inside. 146 women died but factory was found not guilty of negligence.

muckrackers

American journalists who tried to improve society by exposing political corruption, health hazards, and other social problems

Food and Drug Act of 1906

enacted consumer protection laws

Jacob Riis

had interest in urban working and living conditions and immigrants, went into slums and took photographs of poor working immigrants

characteristics of progressive era

-transition from personal action to political action

-a sense of Christian mission for social justice (social gospel)

-a concern about the power of corporations and wealthy individuals

-increased fear of immigration and a desire to "Americanize" them

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. black and whites "shared" in the profit

Agricultural poverty

Competition between southern farmers and Asia's reduced prices. Southern farmer planted more crops dropping the price even further because of increased supply. By 1900 the South was the poorest area in the country, falling from the richest.

Blacks and Credit

Blacks post civil war would pay things off credit and became indebted to furnishing merchants because of agricultural poverty in the south. When indebted they could not leave the area.

Plessy v. Ferguson

-1890 Louisiana, law passed from black and white segregation in cars

-a black man appearing white rode a car meant for whites, he sued for this act when he admitted his race, the case went up to the Supreme Court

-a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal ("separate but equal")

15th Amendment and Racism

South had a large black population

-to combat this rule passed: can only vote if your grandfather did, you have to pay to vote, you have to pass literacy test

-disenfranchisement of black voters by 1900 of

Rebecca Latimer Felton

First female to serve as a U.S. Senator and promoted lynching in order to protect white women

-compares to Emma Goldman and transformation from house wife to political figure

Booker T. Washington

Represents ideology of accommodation, building skill and working with and not against

-former slave and educated himself and got out of poverty

-advocated for learning a skill to make yourself useful and learn how to speak proper english, adopt values of a white man and put your head down, play by the white man's rules

-respected by a lot of white people, first black man invited to the White House - some people were angered by this including Governor of Mississippi

Coalhouse Walker

Casting a light on African Americans, more radical and militant than Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBois

-one of the first black men to graduate from Harvard

-believed black men should get an education and fight for their rights, not just get a skill and wait for change

-formed the Niagra Movement

Niagra Movement/NAACP

-beginning of modern civil rights movement, institution to fight for Black Civil Rights but is only the mid point of the overall fight

-changed to NAACP - aimed to fight against racial injustice with lawsuits using the court system, lobby federal government, organized local chapters, established a magazine, organized peaceful and highly visual protests

Ida B. Wells

-rode a white car and was asked to leave, in response she sued the railroad company but lost

-advocated for confederal antilynching law

-introduced laws in 1892 to 1968 over 200 laws passed to congress but none were established

The Great Migration 1910s & 1920s

1.5 million blacks moved from the South to the North urban areas because of less immigrants and white workers fighting for WWI and therefore demand for workers increased

Populist Plan

-sub treasury - crops to be stocked up in warehouse and sold when the price was highest

-land - wanted all land in the west reclaimed from railroad companies

-money 0 the gold standard was unfair and wanted currency to be valued from gold and silver

- politics - felt that the electoral voting was geared towards North and North east, wanted elected officials and governors, more democracy policies

Tom Watson and Populist Party

- convinced black southeners to vote along with whites and give him chance to win election

-believed race did not matter, it was class because different races had the same economic problems

-populist party gained power and popularity

-changed the impact of black votes on elections and people realized this

Monroe Doctrine

-Americans involvement in foreign affaris grew in 1890s - foreign investment

- European powers ordered to stay out of Western Hemisphere

"Open Door Policy"

China is open to everybody and cannot be colonized

4 predictions for war

-moral reason

-significant economic interest at stake

-political reason

-attack on America

Spanish-American War 1896-1898

-Cuban Revolution for Independence between cuban revolutionaries and Spanish Government

- moral: Americans notice that Cubans are being mistreated (concentration camps)

- "yellow journalism" - portrayed revolution with sensational stories

- economic reason: investment in Cuban sugar mills

political: opportunity to unite North and South of U.S, build naval basses in Spanish colonies and build territories

-attack: military base in Cuba blown up

-gained territories Gwam, Phillipenes,

-Cuba deemed unfit for Independence by the US

Carrie Buck

-adopted girl, raped and impregnated

-sent to an insane asylum and sterilized without permission

-People sued on her behalf and court case went up to the Supreme Court

-Supreme Court believed sterilization would prevent degenerate offspring

-forceful sterilization law not repealed until the 1970s

Harry Laughlin

advocated for forceful sterilization of women to prevent them from giving birth to children unfit to integrate into society and Supreme Court sided with him during Carrie Buck case

Eugenics

belief that by studying human genes we can make humans better - coined by Francois Galton

Tripple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Tripple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

America's role in WWI

-stayed neutral and wanted to continue to trade freely with all countries involved

-Germany and GB create blockades against major ports making it difficult for US ships to travel and continue business

-Germany invent U boats (submarines)

-US says submarines should not affect their ships

-Lusitania was sunken on board and 128 Americans and died

-Germany apologized but still planned to attack any ship trading the GB

-Feb 1917 British spies find German Zimmerman Telegram sent to Mexico saying that if they attack the US, Germany promises to support them and get back territories

-US claims armed neutrality

-5 US Ships sunken by German submarines

-April 1917 American joins the war

Prohibition

-Alcoholism becomes recognized as an issue in the US, WWI was seen as the opportunity to rid alcohol in the US

-December 1917 the 18th Amendment was passed - alcohol cannot be purchased in the US

-law goes into effect in January 1920

-Large Christian population who believed in the purity without alcohol

-perception that immigrants drank a lot and it would be safer if they did not

-workers drank and decreased efficiency

-southern whites believed black drunks would commit more acts of rape against women

Women's Prohibition

founded by Francis Willard - framed drinking as a moral problem that affected women

-increased demand for women's voices in American politics

-Early Women's Suffrage movement intertwined with prohibition

-women's right to vote in 1920s

WWI American Military

American Expeditionary Force and the general was John Pershing

-military did not fully join WWI until June 1918 and only involved for 4 months

Country representatives after WWI

Adolf Hitler - Germany - purity and German empire

Winston Churchill - America

Joseph Stalin - Russia - communist empire

Franklin D. Roosevelt - America

Woodrow Wilson - America - delegated piece treaty post WWI

Woodrow Wilson 14 points

-free trade

-reduction in the weapons in war

-all countries should agree to peace

-League of nations for peace

Versailles Treaty

favored GB, France and Russia

- France gained territory from Germany

- Germany stripped of overseas investments, merchant marines and colonies

- 33 bil worth of reparations paid from Germany and claim responsibility for war

John Berger

- believed communism teaches us to always be unhappy

- consumer culture needs: glamour builds desire, people have to envy others and themselves

- advertisements teaches us that the problem is with us and subjects us to live continuously in envy

Consumer Revolution

- development and popular use of the radio

- credit: people paid for the radio in credit

- advertising: radio changed how to get info to the consumer

advertising and desire

- has to promise new social status

- has to focus on body image and imply that you will be made beautiful

- celebrity endorsement

- sex

Ford vs. General Motors

- Ford developed car with replaceable parts

- General Motors challenged with planned obsolescence - get new stuff stuff before old stuff is obslotete they came out with new models every year

- General Motors took advantage of different incomes and sold to the specific economic groups