ANTHRO 2A - MIDTERM 2 TO FINAL EXAM

WHAT IS IMPERIALISM?

DOMINATING OTHERS POLITICALLY, MILITARILY, OR ECONOMICALLY

WHAT IS COLONIALISM?

DIRECT DOMINATION/ADMINISTRATION OF ANOTHER SOCIETY (A FORM OF IMPERIALISM)

WHAT WERE THE THREE WAVES OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM?

1. "DISCOVERY" OF NEW WORLD (15TH CENTURY)

2. EARLY INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (18TH-19TH CENTURY)

3. LATE 19TH/EARLY 20TH CENTURY INDUSTRIAL COMPETITION

WHO WERE THE MAIN POWERS IN THE 1ST WAVE OF IMPERIALISM?

SPAIN, PORTUGAL, NETHERLANDS, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE

WHAT ECONOMIC SYSTEM DROVE THE 2ND WAVE OF IMPERIALISM?

EARLY INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

WHY DID COLONIAL POWERS NEED COLONIES DURING THE INDUSTRIAL ERA?

- RAW MATERIALS (COTTON, METALS, SUGAR)

- MARKETS FOR GOODS

- CASH CROPS (SUGAR, TEA)

HOW DID COLONIAL POWERS PROFIT FROM COLONIES?

- SETTLEMENT

- START RESOURCE EXTRACTION

- CREATE MARKETS

- SET UP PENAL COLONIES

WHAT ARE CASH CROPS?

NON-FOOD CROPS GROWN FOR EXPORT (E.G., SUGAR, COTTON, COFFEE, RUBBER)

NAME TWO EXAMPLES OF MINING RESOURCE EXTRACTION.

TITANIUM, NICKEL

WHAT IS LABOR EXPLOITATION?

FORCING LOCALS TO PRODUCE GOODS CHEAPLY

WHAT IS DIRECT COERCION?

FORCE PEOPLE TO WORK AGAINST THEIR WILL (VERY EXPENSIVE)

HOW MANY AFRICANS WERE TAKEN IN THE SLAVE TRADE?

- OVER 12 MILLION TO THE NEW WORLD

- OVER 2 MILLION DIED EN ROUTE

WHAT IS CONSCRIPTION?

FORCED GOVERNMENT LABOR OR MILITARY DRAFT

NAME TWO INDIRECT MEANS OF COLONIAL CONTROL.

- TAXES (PAID IN COLONIAL CURRENCY)

- LAND DISPOSSESSION

WHAT DID THE BRITISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION DO IN KENYA?

- TOOK 70% OF THE LAND, DEPRIVING LOCALS

WHAT WAS A MAJOR HEALTH CONSEQUENCE OF COLONIALISM?

DISEASES LIKE SMALLPOX, FLU, AND MEASLES CAUSED MASS DEATH

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION FROM THE 15TH TO 18TH CENTURIES?

DROPPED FROM OVER 50 MILLION TO 5 MILLION; 95% DEAD

WHO WERE THE HERERO AND WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM?

- REVOLTED AGAINST GERMANY IN 1904

- GERMANY EXTERMINATED THEM IN RESPONSE

DEFINE GENOCIDE.

SYSTEMATIC ATTEMPT TO ERASE AN ENTIRE GROUP OF PEOPLE

WHAT DID CALIFORNIA DO IN THE 1850S TO EXTERMINATE NATIVE AMERICANS?

- PAID BOUNTIES: $10/SCALP, $20/HEAD

- US GOVERNMENT REIMBURSED $1M

WHAT IS CULTURAL ORDERING OF SPACE?

CREATING RULES ABOUT WHAT CAN/CAN'T BE DONE IN SPACES (E.G., BARS VS CHURCHES)

WHAT WAS THE FRONTIER CONTRAST IN CULTURAL ORDERING?

WEST (FRONTIER)

NATURE

CHAOS

EAST

CULTURE

ORDER

WHAT WERE THE TWO MAJOR FORMS OF DEPOPULATION UNDER COLONIALISM?

WAR OF CONQUEST AND SUBJUGATION, AND GENOCIDE

WHAT IS LAND SEIZURE?

DIRECT FORCIBLE TAKING OF LAND FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (E.G., TRAIL OF TEARS)

WHAT DID THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830 RESULT IN?

THE TRAIL OF TEARS

HOW DID COLONIZERS INDIRECTLY TAKE LAND?

BY CHANGING LOCAL LAND TENURE SYSTEMS

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMMUNAL AND PRIVATIZED LAND?

COMMUNAL LAND IS SHARED; PRIVATIZED LAND CAN BE BOUGHT, SOLD, OR USED AS COLLATERAL

WHAT DID PRIVATIZING LAND DO?

TURNED LAND INTO A COMMODITY — COULD BUY, SELL, OR USE FOR LOANS

WHAT WAS THE MAHELE OF 1848 IN HAWAII?

A LAND DIVISION THAT PRIVATIZED HAWAIIAN LAND UNDER PRESSURE FROM CORPORATIONS

WHY DID AMERICAN CORPORATIONS WANT HAWAIIAN LAND?

TO GROW SUGAR — LAND WAS PRODUCTIVE BUT COMMUNALLY OWNED

WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF LAND PRIVATIZATION IN HAWAII?

- LAND USED AS COLLATERAL

- CORPORATIONS BOUGHT IT UP

- NATIVES LOST LAND

- PERMANENTLY

US OVERTHREW MONARCHY

HOW DID THE OVERTHROW OF HAWAII HAPPEN?

- CORPORATIONS PRESSURED CHANGE IN VOTING LAWS

- ONLY LANDOWNERS COULD VOTE

- US MARINES BACKED THE OVERTHROW OF QUEEN LILIUOKALANI

WHAT FORM OF LABOR CONTROL WAS USED IN THE BELGIAN CONGO?

ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION IN RUBBER PRODUCTION

WHY DID RUBBER DEMAND INCREASE IN THE BELGIAN CONGO?

- SYNTHETIC RUBBER NOT AVAILABLE UNTIL AFTER WW2

- RISE IN AUTOMOBILES = DEMAND FOR TIRES

- CORPORATE PROFITS DEPENDED ON RUBBER SUPPLY

HOW DID CORPORATIONS RESPOND TO RUBBER DEMAND?

BY INCREASING SUPPLY "BY WHATEVER MEANS NECESSARY" — INCLUDING VIOLENCE, COERCION, AND LABOR ABUSE

HOW WERE PEOPLE FORCED TO WORK ON RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN THE BELGIAN CONGO?

- HOLDING WOMEN AND CHILDREN HOSTAGE

- CUTTING OFF FINGERS, TOES, EARS, NOSES IF WORK NOT DONE

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CAUSED BY COLONIALISM?

PHOSPHATE MINING IN NAURU

WHY IS NAURU AN EXAMPLE OF SHORT-SIGHTED COLONIAL PLANNING?

MINING MADE THE ISLAND UNFARMABLE — IT USED TO BE GREEN, NOW IT'S BARREN

HOW DID COLONIZERS UNDERMINE LOCAL CULTURAL TRADITIONS?

BY REPLACING LOCAL CULTURE WITH THEIR OWN

HOW COULD COLONIZERS PROFIT FROM REPLACING LOCAL CULTURE?

EXPLOITATION OF LOCAL SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIES

HOW IS ANTHROPOLOGY CONNECTED TO COLONIALISM?

IT EMERGED IN THE CONTEXT OF COLONIALISM; COLONIZERS SENT ANTHROPOLOGISTS TO STUDY LOCALS

WHAT DID EARLY ANTHROPOLOGISTS DO?

THEY CRITIQUED WHAT THEY STUDIED BUT WERE STILL PART OF COLONIAL STRUCTURE

WHAT IS DECONSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY?

CRITIQUING IDEAS BY PLACING THEM IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT

WHAT QUESTIONS ARE ASKED IN DECONSTRUCTION?

- WHERE DO THESE IDEAS COME FROM?

- WHAT DO THEY DO?

- HOW DID THEY DO IT?

WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC RACISM?

CLASSIFYING PEOPLE INTO "TYPES" TO JUSTIFY INFERIORITY OR SUPERIORITY

WHAT DID SCIENTIFIC RACISM JUSTIFY?

- SLAVERY

- COLONIALISM

- MONARCHIES

- GENOCIDE

- UNEQUAL RIGHTS

WHAT DOES SCIENTIFIC RACISM DEMONSTRATE?

THE JUXTAPOSITION OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS AND CAPITALIST EXPLOITATION

WHAT IS SOCIAL DARWINISM?

- THE IDEA THAT PEOPLE COMPETE FOR LIMITED RESOURCES

- "THE MORE FIT SOCIETY WILL DOMINATE THE LESS FIT"

- CLAIMED TO BE A NATURAL PROCESS

HOW DID SOCIAL DARWINISM JUSTIFY COLONIALISM?

COLONIALISM WAS FRAMED AS THE "NATURAL" DOMINATION OF WEAKER SOCIETIES

WHAT IS UNILINEAR EVOLUTION?

THE IDEA THAT SOCIETIES MUST PASS THROUGH STAGES IN A SET SEQUENCE

WHAT'S WRONG WITH UNILINEAR EVOLUTION?

- TREATS SOCIETIES AS "STUCK" IN TIME

- CLAIMS THEY NEED OUTSIDE HELP TO

- "PROGRESS"

PROMOTES THE "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN" IDEA

WHAT IS THE "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"?

THE BELIEF THAT WHITE PEOPLE MUST "HELP" EVOLVE OTHER SOCIETIES — A COVER FOR COLONIALISM

HOW DOES COLONIALISM LEGITIMIZE ITSELF THROUGH POWER RELATIONS?

BY DEFINING WHAT CAN OR CANNOT BE DONE TO PEOPLE BASED ON IDEAS OF RACE, CIVILITY, AND PROGRESS

WHAT DEFINES POWER RELATIONS IN THE POSTCOLONIAL AND POST-COLD WAR WORLD?

WHAT PEOPLE CAN OR CANNOT DO TO EACH OTHER BASED ON IDEAS, RESOURCES, AND GLOBAL ORDER

WHAT HAPPENED TO COLONIAL POWERS AFTER WW2?

- MANY GAVE UP POWER

- WAR DRAINED RESOURCES

- DECOLONIZATION MOVEMENTS GREW

HAS COLONIALISM OR DOMINATION FULLY ENDED?

NO — SOME COLONIES STILL EXIST, INCLUDING U.S. TERRITORIES

WHAT ARE THREE CURRENT U.S. COLONIES?

- MARIANAS

- PUERTO RICO

- U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

WHY IS BELGIAN RUBBER STILL RELEVANT?

THE INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT DURING COLONIALISM IS STILL USED TODAY TO MAKE MONEY

WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR NATIONS?

1ST WORLD, 2ND WORLD, AND 3RD WORLD

WHAT DEFINES A 1ST WORLD NATION?

INDUSTRIALIZED, CAPITALIST COUNTRIES LIKE FRANCE, GERMANY, UK, AND US

WHAT DEFINES A 3RD WORLD NATION?

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, OFTEN FORMER COLONIES, INCLUDING SYRIA, GUATEMALA, PANAMA, MYANMAR, AND SRI LANKA

WHAT DEFINES A 2ND WORLD NATION?

COMMUNIST COUNTRIES THAT WERE NEITHER COLONIES NOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF 2ND WORLD NATIONS?

- SOVIET UNION (UNTIL IT BROKE UP)

- NORTH KOREA

- VIETNAM

- CUBA

- PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE 2ND WORLD FROM THE 1ST AND 3RD?

DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SYSTEMS — COMMUNIST VS CAPITALIST — WORKING AGAINST EACH OTHER