Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides

These flashcards cover the key concepts, definitions, and reactions associated with alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides as discussed in the lecture notes.

What are the three classifications of alcohols based on their structural formulas?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary.

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

R—OH where R represents the rest of the molecule.

How are alcohols dehydrated to produce alkenes or ethers?

By chemically removing water from the compound.

What does the carbonyl group consist of in aldehydes and ketones?

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom.

What is the primary oxidizing product of a primary alcohol?

Aldehyde.

What reaction occurs when a secondary alcohol is oxidized?

It produces a ketone.

What happens to tertiary alcohols during oxidation reactions?

They do not react.

What functional group characterizes carboxylic acids?

The carboxyl group.

What is the process called when carboxylic acids are formed by heating alcohols with an acid catalyst?

Esterification.

What do amines behave as in water?

Weak bases.

Who are amides formed from?

From the reaction of amines with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides.

What happens to amines in low pH solutions?

The salt form of amines predominates.

What defines primary, secondary, and tertiary amines?

The number of alkyl or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen.

What is a key reaction for carboxylic acids in water?

Forming carboxylate ions.

What is produced during the hydrolysis of an ester?

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

What do all amines form when they react with acids?

Salts.

What is the result of ester hydrolysis in biological processes?

Digestion of fats and oils.