E2

What is Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

what is circadian rhythm

* biological rhythm that regulates sleep-wake cycle and body temp cycle

what is circadian rhythm affected by

SCN (in hypothalamus) is the brain's "internal clock" that receives info from the retina about how much light is present

How much sleep do we need

0-3 months: 14-17 hrs

4-11 months: 12-15 hrs

1-2 yrs: 11-14 hrs

3-5 yrs: 10-13 hrs

6-13 yrs: 9-11 hrs

14-17 yrs: 8-10 hrs

18+ yrs: 7-9 hrs

Consquences of not sleeping enough

* Trouble focusing, slowed reactions, missed cues

* driving 18 hrs awake is like driving with BAC of .05

* driving 24+ hrs awake is like driving with BAC of .1

Stage 0 sleep

Fully awake and alert, full brain activity, beta waves

Stage 1 sleep

Drowsy and light sleep, if woken no real disruption, brain activity begins to slow, alpha waves

Stage 2 sleep

Light sleep but falling to deeper, if woken will be alert quickly but know you were asleep, theta waves

Stage 3-4 sleep

Deep sleep, difficulty waking up, disoriented if woken, brain activity is very slow, delta waves

Stage 5 sleep

Rapid eye movement, high brain activity like you were awake, paralysis

Sleep stages overview

0: beta waves

1: alpha

2: theta

3-4: delta

5: REM

cycle through all these stages in 90 minutes

longer you sleep, less deeply you sleep

Sleep disorders

Insomnia, sleep apnea, sleep walking, sleep paralysis

Sleep apnea

Difficulty breathing during sleep

CPAP masks help breathe

Weight and snoring are risk factors

Sleep walking

Occurs during stages 3-4, more common in kids than adults

sleep paralysis

disfunctional REM sleep

Dreams- Freud's theory

They're unconscious wish fulfillment

Manifest content: what you see or experience in a dream

Latent content: what the dream represents (your unconcious desires)

Dreams - cognitive theory

Dreams are subconscious cognitive processing:

Organize into in memory, mull over issues, play our future scenarios

Dreams - Activation synthesis theory

Dreams are a result of your brain trying to make sense of semi-random electrical energy, activating different concepts and tying them together with a narrative

Psychoanalytic Techniques

Free Association

◦Patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

◦Often assisted by tools such as inkblots

Dream Analysis

◦Patient relays dreams, therapist interprets meaning

behavior therapy techniques

Aversive Conditioning

* The therapist conditions the patient to associate a bad behavior with an unpleasant stimulus

* Goal is to stop bad behavior

Exposure Therapy

* Therapist extinguishes conditioned fears by associating frightening stimuli with a relaxed state

* Goal is to eliminate anxiety/phobias

*Two forms: flooding and systematic desensitization

Cognitive Distortion

Unhealthy ways in which individuals misinterpret situations

Overgeneralization

* Applying failure in one domain too broadly

* "I failed my first stats exam. I'll never graduate."

All-or-Nothing Thinking

* Thinking in extremes

* Everything is either perfect or terrible, less than 100% is 0%

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

◦Identify Cognitive Distortion

◦ABC Model (action, belief, consequence)

*"Joe goes to a party and meets Amanda. At the end of the party, he asks Amanda for her phone number, but she declines (A). Joe tells himself that he is a loser who "has no game" (B). Joe becomes depressed and decides not to go to another party"(C).

humanistic therapy techniques

Help people become more aware and accepting of themselves

Non-Directive Therapy

* Therapist does not make suggestions or give advice

* Instead, serves as "sounding board"

* Reflects what the client is saying back to them

Unconditional Positive Regard therapy

* Always regarding clients positively and expressing those feelings

* Demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance

Anti-Psychotics

Treats:

◦Schizophrenia and other thought disorders

Works by:

◦Blocking dopamine receptors

Side Effects:

◦Involuntary movements

Parkinsons-like sympthoms

Antidepressants

Treats:

◦Depression and (sometimes) anxiety disorders

Works by:

◦Blocking re-uptake of Serotonin and Norepinepherine

Side Effects:

◦Headache, nausea, weight gain

Drowsiness, reduced sex drive

Anti-anxiety medications

Treats:

◦Anxiety disorders

Works by:

◦Depress CNS (central nervous system) activity

Side Effects:

◦Drowsiness, dizziness, headache

◦Fatigue, lightheadedness

Mood Stabilizers

Treats:

◦Bipolar disorder

Works by:

◦We aren't entirely sure... (acts on CNS)

Side Effects:

◦Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash

Nausea, loss of appetite

Stimulants

Treats:

◦AD/HD

Works by:

◦Increasing prefrontal cortex activity

Side Effects:

◦Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping

◦Stomachache, headache

Personality Disorders overview

•Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that make it difficult for a person to function properly in society

•Roots in childhood

•Difficult to treat

•Disorder must be present over several years

Cluster groups

Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric

Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic

Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful

Cluster A Personality Disorders - Paranoid

Distrusting and suspicious of others, sensitivity to rejection, high monitoring for insult or trust breaking

Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizoid

Lack of interest in relationships with others, limited interests, emotional coldness and bluntness

Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal

Odd and eccentric behavior, confused and/or unrealistic goals, difficulty developing close relationships

Cluster B Personality Disorders: Antisocial

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, disregard for safety of self and others, lack of remorse

No difference between a "psychopath" and a "sociopath," both terms are used to discribe someone with APD

May have high emotional intelligence

Cluster B Personality Disorders: Borderline

¡Pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect

¡Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, intense/unstable relationships, mood swings, difficulty controlling anger

Cluster B Personality Disorders: Histrionic

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Uncomfortable not being center of attention, rapidly shifting expression of emotion, use of physical appearance to draw attention, self-dramatization

Cluster B Personality Disorders: Narcissistic

Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Exaggerates achievements & talents

Preoccupied with fantasies of success

Believes he/she is "special"

Requires excessive admiration

Has sense of entitlement

Exploitative of others

Lacks empathy, envious of others, arrogant

Cluster C Personality Disorders: Avoidant

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Avoid job tasks involving interpersonal contact, avoids people unless certain of being liked, restraint in intimate relationships, preoccupation with being criticized

Cluster C Personality Disorders: Dependent

Need to be taken care of leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

Difficulty making everyday decisions without reassurance, needs others to take responsibility, difficult expressing disagreement, difficult initiating projects, goes to excessive lengths to receive support from others, uncomfortable or helpless when alone

Cluster C Personality Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control

NOT same as OCD

How do personality disorders develop

genetic predisposition and childhood experience

AD/HD: inattention (6+ to qualify)

Failing to pay attention to details (careless mistakes)

Cannot sustain attention in tasks

Not listening when spoken to directly

Difficulty organizing tasks and activities

Loses things necessary for tasks and activities

Easy distracted by extraneous stimuli or unrelated thoughts

Forgetful in daily activities

AD/HD: Hyperactivity (6+ to qualify)

Fidgets or squirms in seat

Leaves seat in situations where being seated is expected

Runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate

Unable to play or engage in leisure quietly

Uncomfortable sitting still or resting for extended periods

Talks excessively

Blurts out answers before questions is completed, or finishes others' sentences

Has difficult waiting his/her turn

Interrupts or intrudes on others

Autism Spectrum Disorder Criterion A

Criterion A: Deficits in Social Interaction

Social-emotional reciprocity

* Little to no give-and-take in conversation

* Does not initiate or respond to conversation

* Does not share interests or emotions with others

Non-verbal communication

* Lack of eye contact with others

* Difficulty understanding use of gestures and posture

* Lack of facial expression

Developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

* Difficulty adjusting behavior to fit social norms and roles

* Difficulty making friends

* No interest in peers

Autism Spectrum Disorder Criterion B

Criterion B: Restrictive, repetitive Behaviors, interests, or activities

Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech

* Lining up toys

* Echolalia (repetition of others' words) or idiosyncratic (strange use of words) speech

Insistence on sameness, inflexibility with routine, or ritualized patterns

* Rigid patterns of thinking

* Strong resistance to change

* Following a rigid routine daily

Highly restricted, fixed interests abnormal in intensity or focus

Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory stimuli

ASD Diversity

Communication: nonverbal-verbal

Social Interaction: aloof-passive-active/odd

Repetitive behaviour, Restricted Interest: mild-marked

Sensory Processing: hyposensitive-hypersensitive

Intellectual Ability (Severe-Gifted): severe-moderate-mild-average-gifted

Major depressive disorder

◦Severe depression lasting more than two weeks

◦Episodes of depression typically last 6-9 months

Symptoms include

◦Feeling sad, empty, or hopeless

◦Diminished pleasure in all or almost all activities

◦Significant weight loss or gain

◦Insomnia or hypersomnia almost every day

◦Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day

◦Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

◦Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation

bipolar disorder

◦Extreme mood swings with one or more episodes of mania

◦Swing between depressive episodes and manic episodes

◦Episodes last for a long time (at least one week)

PTSD

Intrusive and distressing memories (including flashbacks) that develop as a result of a traumatic event

Symptoms include:

◦Avoidance of stimuli connected to event

◦Persistent negative emotional states

◦Feelings of detachment from others

◦Proneness toward outbursts

◦Jumpiness

Schizophrenia

◦Disturbances of thought and language; inability to distinguish what is real and what is not

◦Usually diagnosed in early adulthood (18-25)

Symptoms include:

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, negative symptoms, abnormal movements

Dissociative Amnesia

◦Inability to remember important autobiographical memories

◦Often following extremely stressful or traumatic experience

Dissociative Fugue

◦Wandering away from home/normal life and showing confusion about identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder

◦Two or more distinct personalities or identities within the same person

◦"Losing time" - Gaps in memory inconsistent with normal forgetting

Abnormality (3 D's)

Deviance (behavior not socially expected or accepted)

Dysfunction (maladaptive)

Distress

Models of psych disorder

diathesis(predisposition)+stress(environmental stressors) = psych disorder

Biophysosocial (biological, psychological, sociological) model

DSM-5-TR

person must meet 5 of 8 criteria to be diagnosed a psych disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive anxiety and worry occuring for at least 6 months about multiple things. common symptoms are

◦Restlessness or feeling on edge

◦Being easily fatigued

◦Difficulty concentrating

◦Irritability

◦Muscle tension

◦Sleep disturbance

Panic disorder

Repeated, unexpected panic attacks (abrupt surge of intense fear and discomfort). Symptoms include

◦Pounding heart

◦Sweating

◦Trembling/shaking

◦Shortness of breath

◦Chest pain

◦Fear of dying

Phobia

◦Intense, irrational fear disproportionate with actual danger

◦Associated with a specific stimulus or trigger

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Obsessions are thoughts or urges that are intrusive and unwanted that generally cause a lot of distress

Compulsions are the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts that usually minimize distress caused by obsessions

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

◦Preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance

◦The flaw is either non-existent or barely perceivable to others

Hoarding Disorder

◦Compulsively collecting items and refusing to part with personal possessions

◦Believe everything will "be useful later" or has sentimental value

What do drugs do to the body

Activate the brain's "reward pathway"

Almost all act on dopamine receptors, creating a pleasurable, accomplished feeling & reinforcing learning

Why do people do drugs

Physical dep, tolerance, psych dep, withdrawal

Types of drugs

stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens

Common effects of stimulants

- Hyperactivity

- Feeling of euphoria (intense pleasure)

- Increased heart rate

- Anxiety

- Paranoia

Illicit Stimulants

Cocaine, Meth (and other amphetamines), MDMA (Ecstasy)

Legal Stimulants

caffeine, nicotine, ritalin and adderall

effects of depressants

- Feelings of euphoria

- Sedation

- Pain is dulled or killed

- Loss of consciousness

Illicit Depressants

opium, heroin

Legal Depressants

- Alcohol

- Xanax and Valium (treat anxiety)

- Morphine

- Oxycodone (Oxycontin/Percocet)

US Opioid Epidemic

in late 1990s, pharma companies reassures medical communities that patients would not be addicted to opiod pain relievers so healthcare providers prescribed them at higher rates

declared a public health emergency in 2017

Wave 1: rise in prescription opiod overdose deaths ('99-'05)

Wave 2: rise in heroin overdose deaths ('05-'11)

Wave 3: rise in synthetic opioid overdose deaths ('12-'17)

Common effects of hallucinogens

Hallucinations

Skewed perception of time

Persistent psychosis (rare)

Flashbacks (rare)

Illicit Hallucinogens

LSD, Psilocybin (shrooms), Mescaline, DMT

Legal Hallucinogens

- Ketamine (medical use)

- Salvia (in some places)

negative impacts of marijuana

Increased drug dependency

Increased rates of Schizophrenia

Diminished self-regulation (self-control)

Impaired decision-making ability

Disruption of neurotransmitter production/activity