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ATP
a ribonucleotide made up of adenosine (adenine + a ribose sugar) and a triphosphate group that serves as cellular energy currency due to its water-solubility and high turnover rates
ATP → ADP + Pi
a reversible reaction that immediately donates glucose oxidation-supplied energy to link between energy-requiring and energy-yielding reactions
photophosphorylation
a condensation reaction that occurs in the chlorophyll during photosynthesis to reverse the ATP → ADP + Pi reaction
oxidative phosphorylation
a condensation reaction that uses a chemiosmotic gradient of H+ protons to generate 34 ATP molecules in the mitochondria during the electron transport chain (also reverses the ATP → ADP + Pi reaction)
substrate-level phosphorylation
a condensation reaction that occurs via direct phosphate group addition to an ADP molecule to generate 4 ATP molecules in the cytoplasm/mitochondrial matrix during glycolysis (also reverses the ATP → ADP + Pi reaction)
coenzymes
easily-oxidizable molecules that transfer electron pairs between molecules
NAD+
a type of coenzyme that gets reduced into NADH and H+ during glycolysis so the H+ can be transported to the ETC
FAD2+
a type of coenzyme that gets reduced into FADH2 during the Krebs cycle for H+ transport to the ETC
