APES 1.1-1.7 Flashcards

apes

community

all living organisms in an area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving things in an area (plants, animals, rocks, soil, water, air)

biome

large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there

(tropical rainforest)

individual

one organism (elk)

population

group of individuals of same species (elk herd)

mutualism

relationship that benefits both organisms

(coral reef)

commensalism

relationship that benefits one organism and doesn't impact the other

(birds nest in trees)

competition

organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits population size

predation

one organism using another for energy source

(hunters, parasites, herbivores)

herbivores

(plant eaters) eat plants for energy

(giraffe & tree)

true predators

(carnivores) kill and eat prey for energy

(leopard & giraffe)

parasites

use a host organism for energy often without killing the host and often living inside host

-Ex: mosquitos, tapeworms, sea lamprey

parasitoids

lay eggs inside a host organism; eggs hatch and larvae eat host for energy

-Ex: parasitic wasps, bot fly

symbiosis

any close and long term interaction between two organisms of different species

symbiosis example

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

mutualism symbiosis

organisms of different species living close together in a way that benefits both

coral provide reef structure and co2 for algae; algae provide sugars for coral to use as energy

lichen

composite organism of fungi living with algae' algae provide sugars and fungi provides nutrients

competition

reduces population size becuasr there are fewer resources available and fewer organisms can survive

resource partitioning

different species using the same resources in different ways to reduce competition

temporal partitioning

using resources at different times such as wolves and coyotes hunting at different times

spatial partitioning

using different areas of a shared habitat

morphological partitioning

using different resources based on different evolved body features

biome

an area that shares a combination of average yearly temperature and precipitation

biome example

rain forest, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands, desert, tundra

the community of organisms in a biome are uniquely adapted to _____

live in that biome

latitude (distance from equator) determines _____ and ____ which is why biomes exist in predictable pattern on earth

temperature, precipitation

nutrient availability

plants need soil nutrients to grow so availability determines which plants can survive in a biome

frozen soil of tundra

low soil nutrients, low water availability, few plants survive

shifting biomes

biomes shift in location on earth as climate changes

shifting biome ex

warming climate will shift boreal forests further north as tundra permafrost soil melts and lower latitudes become too warm for aspen and spruce

salinity

how much salt there is in a body of water determines which species can survive and usability for drinking (freshwater vs estuary vs ocean)

depth

influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

flow

determines which plants and organisms can survive, how much O2 can dissolve into water

temperature

warmers water holds less dissolved O2 so it can support fewer aquatic organisms

rivers have high____ due to flow mixing ___ and ____, also carry nutrient-rich sediments

O2, water, air

lakes

standing bodies of fresh H2O (key drinking source)

littoral

shallow water with emergent plants

limnetic

where light can reach (photosynthesis)

• no rooted plants, only phytoplankton

profundal

too deep for sunlight (no photosynthesis)

benthic

murky bottom where inverts (bugs) live, nutrient rich sediments

wetland

an area with soil submerges/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants

plants living in _____ have to be ___ to living with roots submerges in standing water

wetlands, adapted

benefits of wetlands

• stores excess water during storms, lessening floods

-recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil

-roots of wetland plants filter pollutants from water draining through

-highly plant growth due to lots of water & nutrients (dead organic matter) in sediments

estuaries

areas where rivers empty into the ocean

estuaries are a mix of fresh and salt water

estuaries have ______ due to the nutrients in sediments deposited in estuaries by river

high productivity

salt marsh

estuary hub, along coast in temperate climates

mangroves

-estuary hub, along coast of tropical climates

-mangrove trees with long stilt roots

-stabilize shoreline and provide habitat for many species

coral reef

warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline; most diverse marine biome on earth

_____ relationship between coral and algae

mutualistic

coral tales _____ out of ocean to create ____ exoskeleton (the reef) and also provide CO2 to the algae

CO2, calcium carbonate

algae live in the reef and provide ___ to the coral through ____

sugar, photosynthesis

both species in coral reef rely on the other

intertidal zones

narrow band of coastline between high and low tides

organisms living in intertidal zones must be adapted to survive crashing waves and direct sunlight/ heat during low tide

ex: barnacles, sea stars, crabs that can attach themselves to rocks

shells and tough outer skin can prevent from _____ during low tides

drying out

different organisms are adapted to live in different zones

ex: spiral wrack curls up and secretes mucus to retain water during low tide

open ocean

low productivity/ area as only algae and phytoplankton can survive in most of ocean

the open ocean is so large though, that algae and phytoplankton of ocean produce a lot of earths ___ and absorb a lot of atmospheric ____

O2, CO2

photic zone

area where sunlight can reach (photosynthesis)

aphotic zone (abyssal)

area too deep for sunlight

movement of molecules that contain Carbon (CO2, glucose, CH4) between sources and sinks

some steps of the carbon cycle are very _____ (fossil fuel combustion) and some are very _____ (sedimentation and burial)

quick, slow

leads to imbalance in which reservoirs or sinks are storing carbon

atmosphere is a key ____ reservoir; increasing levels of ___ in atmosphere leads to global warming

carbon, carbon

carbon sink

a carbon reservoir that stores more carbon than it releases

-ocean (algae and sediments) plants and soil

carbon source

processes that add carbon to atmosphere

-fossil fuel (oil, coal, not gas) combustion

-animal agriculture (cow burps and farts = CH4)

-deforestation, releases CO2 from trees

plants, algae, and phytoplankton

photosynthesis removes ____ from the atmosphere and converts it to ____

CO2, glucose

glucose

biological form of carbon and stored (chemical) energy in form of sugar

photosynthesis

CO2 sink

cellular respiration is done by plants and animals to _______

release stored energy

cellular respiration

uses O2 to break glucose down and ____ release energy

cellular respiration releases ____ into the atmosphere

CO2

cellular respiration: CO2 source

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are ______

very quick

cycle carbon between ____ and ____ balanced amount (no net carbon increase in atmosphere)

biosphere, atmosphere

direct exchange

CO2 moves directly between atmosphere and the ocean by dissolving into and out of ocean water at the surface

a direct exchange happens very ___ and in ____ directions, balancing levels of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean

quickly, equal

because of direct exchange, increasing atmospheres ___ also increases ocean ___ leading to ____

CO2, CO2, acidification

algae and phytoplankton

take CO2 out of the ocean and atmosphere through photosynthesis