Biomechanics Final Exam - Chapters 1-5

The human skeleton is made up of how many bones?

• 106 bones

• 306 bones

• 406 bones

• 206 bones

206 bones

A type of bone found embedded in tendons is…

• an irregular bone

• a long bone

• a sesamoid bone

• a short bone

a sesamoid bone

Joints with no observable movement are nonaxial joints.

true or false

False

A condyloid joint consists of one bone with a rounded head fitting into the cuplike cavity of another bone.

true or false

False

Articulations are designed to provide joint…

• agility

• stability

• strength

• endurance

stability

Skeletal muscle functioning as a prime mover is also known as…

• a fixator

• an antagonist

• an agonist

• a stabilizer

an agonist

The shaft of a long bone is also known as the…

• epiphysis

• diaphysis

• periosteum

• foramen

Diaphysis

A smooth, hollow surface on a bone is referred to as a…

• foramen

• notch

• facet

• fossa

Fossa

At a joint, when one bone slides over another bone during movement causing one point on a bone’s surface to articulate with new points on the adjacent bone’s surface, this is known as…

• rolling

• compression

• gliding

• spinning

Gliding

Connective tissue running from bone to bone of a joint and helping maintain joint stability is…

• ligament

• tendon

• cartilage

• muscle

Ligament

A tissue often found in the joint space between bones that acts as a shock absorber and helps reduce joint friction is…

• periosteum

• fibrocartilage

• synovium

• bursa

Fibrocartilage

A junction of two or more bones as they form a joint is also known as…

• an articulation

• an epiphysis

• a fossa

• a diaphysis

An articulation

An axis of the body that passes through the body horizontally from front to back is the cardinal axis.

true or false

False

The preferred starting point for describing movements of the human body is the…

• starting position

• fundamental position

• universal position

• anatomical position

Anatomical position

Abduction is defined as movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

true or false

False

Turning one’s palm downward while holding the elbow joint flexed at 90 degrees is known as…

• external rotation of the forearm

• pronation of the forearm

• internal rotation of the forearm

• supination of the forearm

Pronation of the forearm

Planes that divide the body into a right and left half, a front and back half, and an upper and lower half are commonly known as…

• frontal planes

• sagittal planes

• cardinal planes

• horizontal planes

Cardinal planes

When the angle formed at a joint diminishes and the movement takes place in the sagittal plane, the movement is called adduction.

true or false

False

When two bones forming a joint move toward each other, this is defined as…

• external rotation

• flexion

• extension

• internal rotation

Flexion

For movement of the shoulder joint to occur in the frontal plane, flexion of the joint actions must take place.

true or false

False

If the anterior (front) surface of the leg is rotated laterally, the movement is known as external rotation.

true or false

True

The structure about which a plane rotates is…

• an axis

• a radius

• a diameter

• a perimeter

An axis

A joint capable of moving through two planes about two axes is a…

• nonaxial joint

• triaxial joint

• uniaxial joint

• biaxial joint

Biaxial joint

Movement taking place in the frontal plane is about a frontal horizontal axis.

true or false

False

The pectoralis major muscle has attachments to the sternum, clavicle, and…

• humerus

• first rib

• scapula

• thoracic spine

Humerus

Two ligaments known as the conoid and the trapezoid ligaments, which join the scapula and the clavicle together, are commonly called the acromioclavicular ligament.

true or false

False

Which of the following muscles is not involved in the internal rotation of the shoulder joint?

• pectoralis major

• triceps brachii

• latissimus dorsi

• subscapularis

Triceps brachii

Circumduction of the shoulder joint occurs about…

• two axes

• three axes

• only one axis

• four axes

Three axes

The muscle that runs between the coracoid process of the scapula and the medial surface of the humerus opposite the deltoid tuberosity is known as the…

• pectoralis major

• coracobrachialis

• deltoid

• pectoralis major

Coracobrachialis

The generally accepted ratio of movement between the glenohumeral joint and the scapula (known as scapulohumeral rhythm) is this: For every two degrees of glenohumeral joint abduction, the scapula rotates one degree.

true or false

True

When all three portions of the deltoid muscle contract together, at the same time, the shoulder joint moves into extension.

true or false

False

All three heads of the triceps muscle are considered antagonists of the brachialis muscle.

true or false

True

The muscle known as the initiator of shoulder joint abduction is the supraspinatus.

true or false

True

The muscle that elevates the scapula and rotates the shoulder girdle downward is the…

• deltoid

• latissimus dorsi

• trapezius

• levator scapulae

Levator scapulae

The pectoralis major muscle has two distinct parts: an interior portion known as the sternal part and a superior portion known as the humeral part.

true or false

False

The distal-lateral end of the spine of the scapula is known as the coracoid process.

true or false

False

The lunate and scaphoid bones of the wrist articulate with the distal end of the…

• navicular

• radius

• ulna

• humerus

Radius

Which of the following forearm muscles is not involved in flexion of the wrist?

• palmaris longus

• flexor carpi ulnaris

• pronator teres

• flexor carpi radialis

Pronator teres

Which of the following ligaments surrounds the head of the radius and helps to maintain stability of the proximal radioulnar joint?

• radial collateral

• ulnar collateral

• annular

• radioulnar

Annular

The spool-like structure at the distal end of the humerus is known as the capitulum.

true or false

False

The ulnar collateral ligament is actually three bands: anterior, posterior, and lateral.

true or false

False

The lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint is also known as the ulnar collateral ligament.

true or false

False

The brachialis muscle has only one responsibility, flexion of the elbow.

true or false

True

The medial collateral ligament of the elbow joint is also known as the…

• ulnar collateral ligament

• radial collateral ligament

• interosseous ligament

• annular ligament

Ulnar collateral ligament

The pronator quadratus, located just proximal to the wrist, pronates the wrist.

true or false

False

With the arm held with the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion, internal rotation of the forearm is actually called pronation.

true or false

True

The biceps brachii assists with pronation of the forearm.

true or false

False

The pronator-flexor muscle group originates on the…

• humeral lateral epicondyle

• olecranon process

• coronoid process

• humeral medial epicondyle

Humeral medial epicondyle

The wrist is stabilized by ligaments known as the…

• extensor retinaculum

• radioulnar ligaments

• flexor retinaculum

• collateral ligaments

Collateral ligaments

Which of the following muscles is considered an intrisinc muscle of the hand?

• interossei

• flexor digitorum profundus

• flexor digitorum superficialis

• extensor digitorum

Interossei

The extensor indicis extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the middle finger.

true or false

False

The most lateral carpal bone of the proximal carpal row is the scaphoid.

true or false

True

The wrist joint is stabilized on the medial and lateral sides by collateral ligaments from the radius and ulna.

true or false

True

Beneath the space known as the anatomical snuffbox lies the lunate carpal bone.

true or false

False

Flexion of the wrist occurs primarily at the radiocarpal joints.

true or false

True

The thenar eminence is formed by the intrinsic muscles of the little finger.

true or false

False

The primary function of the extensor indicis is to extend the MP joint of the index finger and assist with…

• wrist abduction

• wrist extension

• wrist flexion

• wrist adduction

Wrist extension

Ulnar deviation of the wrist in the frontal plane is also known as adduction of the hand.

true or false

True

Which of the following muscles has as its primary function extension of the index finger?

• extensor indicis

• extensor digitorum

• extensor carpi radialis

• extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor indicis

The relationship between the ulnar styloid process and the radial styloid process is such that the radial styloid process is most…

• proximal

• posterior

• anterior

• distal

Distal

Which of the following is not considered a factor in determining joint strength?

• ligamentous arrangement

• anatomical position

• muscle fiber arrangement

• bony structure

Anatomical position

A first-class lever places the resistance on the same side of the axis as the force.

true or false

False

Saclike structures that protect soft tissues as they pass over bony projections are synovial membranes.

true or false

False

Longitudinal bone growth continues until the diaphysis closes.

true or false

False

The main difference in the anatomical landmarks known as tubercles, processes, and tuberosities is their size.

true or false

True

Red muscles are typically considered to have greater endurance than white muscles.

true or false

True

The name of a muscle may reveal its shape, number of segments, site of attachment, or…

• anatomical position

• function

• direction of pull

• size

Function

Joints that freely move and have the presence of a lubricating fluid are…

• cartilaginous joints

• fibrous joints

• sutured joints

• synovial joints

Synovial joints

Tendon tissue possesses the following characteristics extensibility, elasticity, and contractility.

true or false

False

The term tetanus refers to a state of continuous muscle contraction.

true or false

True

Any muscle assisting a prime mover in its function is known as a synergist.

true or false

True

Motor nerves are also referred to as afferent nerves.

true or false

False

Abduction and adduction occur in what plane?

• sagittal

• horizontal

• frontal

• vertical

Frontal

Movement in the sagittal plane is about the frontal horizontal axis.

true or false

True

In the sagittal plane, movement in a joint decreases the angle between the bones forming the joint is called flexion.

true or false

True

In analyzing motion regarding frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, there are only three…

• cardinal planes

• vertical planes

• diagonal planes

• parallel planes

Cardinal planes

An axis of the body that passes through the body horizontally from the front to the back is the…

• vertical axis

• sagittal axis

• frontal axis

• cardinal axis

Sagittal axis

When the angle formed at a joint diminishes and the movement takes place in the sagittal plane, the movement is called adduction.

true or false

False

When two bones forming a joint move toward each other, this is defined as…

• internal rotation

• external rotation

• extension

• flexion

Flexion

Some joints are capable of movement in more than one plane and about more than one axis.

true or false

True

Joint motion is typically described as taking place around and axis and in a plane.

true or false

True

Most motion-producing force for movement is described as angular and rotates about…

• an apex

• an axis

• a plane

• a line

An axis

The long head of the biceps brachii originates on the very superior aspect of the…

• acromion process

• glenoid fossa

• greater tuberosity

• coracoid process

Glenoid fossa

The coracoid process is found on the scapula.

true or false

True

Which of the following muscles would not be considered an anterior muscle of the shoulder joint?

• pectoralis major

• pectoralis minor

• subscapularis

• coracobrachialis

Pectoralis minor

The articulation formed by the clavicle and the scapula is often referred to as the…

• GH joint

• SH joint

• SC joint

• AC joint

AC joint

The position in which the rotator cuff muscles have a straight line of pull from their origin to their insertion is called…

• fundamental position

• scapulohumeral rhythm

• horizontal extension

• scaption

Scaption

Abduction of the humerus will cause the scapula to…

• extend

• rotate downward

• flex

• rotate upward

Rotate upward

Which of the following muscles does not have its insertion on the rotator cuff?

• subscapularis

• supraspinatus

• teres major

• infraspinatus

Teres major

When the shoulder joint abducts to the point where the arm is raised above one’s head, the shoulder girdle has to…

• extend

• rotate upward

• flex

• rotate downward

Rotate upward

The anatomical structure lying in the intertubercular groove between the lesser and greater tuberosity of the humerus is the…

• long head of the biceps tendon

• insertion of the deltoid

• coracobrachialis tendon

• short head of the biceps tendon

Long head of the biceps tendon

The ligamentous structure known as the oblique cord runs between the ulna and the…

• lunate

• radius

• scaphoid

• humerus

Radius

A muscle that both flexes the elbow joint and supinates the forearm is the…

• triceps brachii

• supinator

• anconeus

• biceps brachii

Biceps brachii

The muscle chiefly responsible for the extension of the elbow joint is known as the…

• brachioradialis

• biceps brachii

• triceps brachii

• anconeus

Triceps brachii

The only function of the anconeus muscle is elbow extension.

true or false

True

The muscle designed to assist the triceps in its function is known as the…

• brachioradialis

• palmaris longus

• brachialis

• anconeus

Anconeus

The ligament that holds the radial head to the ulna is known as the interosseous ligament.

true or false

False

Bands of tissue forming bridges over the carpal bones of the wrist under which the flexor and extensor tendons from the forearm run to the hand are known as the…

• collaterals

• joint capsule

• interosseous membrane

• retinacula

Retinacula

Extension of the wrist primarily occurs at the radiocarpal joints.

true or false

False

In addition to the adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis, which of the following muscles assists the thumb in gripping?

• extensor pollicis brevis

• opponens pollicis

• interossei

• extensor pollicis longus

Opponens pollicis