chapter 12 respiratory

chest x-ray (CXR)

radiographic image of the thoracic cavity. (chest film)

computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

Computed-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

Radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (Xenon).

bronchoscopy

Fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes.

endotracheal intubation

Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway.

laryngoscopy

Visual examination of the voice box.

lung biopsy

Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination.

mediastinoscopy

Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum.

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

test measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs. Spirometer, FEV1 TLC

thoracentesis

Surgical puncture to remove fluid for the pleural space.

thoracotomy

Large surgical incision of the chest

for inserting a chest tube

thoracoscopy

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.

tracheostomy

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck.

tuberculin test

Determines past or present tuberculous infection based on positive skin reaction.

tube thoracostomy

Chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion.

auscultation

Listening to sounds within the body.

percussion

Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying surface.

pleural rub

Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.

rales (crackles)

Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli.

rhonchi (sing. rhonches)

Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.

sputum

Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.

purulent

containing pus

purulent sputum

often green or brown from infection in lungs.

stridor

Strained high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.

wheezes

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing.

croup

Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor.

diphtheria

Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium.

epistaxis

nosebleed

pertussis

Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.

asthma

Chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and construction and increased mucus production.

bronchiectasis

Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection.

chronic bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long period of time; type of chronic obstructive disease.

cystic fibrosis

Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.

atelectasis

Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli.

emphysema

Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls.

lung cancer

Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi.

pneumoconiosis

Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis.

pneumonia

Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of inflammatory reaction.

pulmonary abscess

Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.

pulmonary edema

Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles.

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung

pulmonary fibrosis

Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.

sarcoidosis

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.

tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but an organ in the body may be affected.

mesothelioma

rare malignant tumor in the pleura.

pleural effusion

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).

pleurisy (pleurites)

Inflammation of the pleura.

pneumothorax

Collection of air in the pleural space.

anthracosis

Coal dust accumulation in the lungs.

asbestosis

Asbestos accumulate in the lungs.

bacilli (sing. bacillus)

Rod-Shaped bacteria cause of tuberculosis.

COPD

chronic condition persistant obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes. smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and some asthma

cor pulmonale

Failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease.

exudate

Fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze lesions or areas of inflammation.

hydrothorax

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

infiltrate

Collection of fluid or material within lung, as seen on a chest film.

palliative

Relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease.

pulmonary infarction

Area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)

silicosis

Disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations.

adenoid/o (adenoidectomy, adenoid hypertrophy)

adenoids

alveol/o (alveolar)

alveolus, air sac

bronch/o (bronchospasm, bronchodilator, bronchopleural)

bronchial tube, bronchus

bronchi/o (bronchiectasis)

bronchial tube, bronchus

bronchiol/o (bronchiolitis)

bronchiole, small bronchus

capn/o (hypercapnia)

carbon monoxide

coni/o (pneumoconiosis)

dust

cyan/o (cyanosis)

blue

epiglott/o (epiglottitis)

epiglottis

laryng/o (laryngeal, laryngospasm, laryngitis)

larynx, voce box

lob/o (lobectomy)

lobe of the lung

mediastin/o (mediastinoscopy)

mediastinum

nas/o (paranasal sinuses)

nose

orth/o (orthopnea)

straight, upright

ox/o (hypoxia)

oxygen

pector/o (expectoration)

chest

pharyng/o (pharyngeal)

pharynx, throat

phon/o (dysphonia)

voice

phren/o (phrenic nerve)

diaphragm

pleur/o (pleurodynia, pleural effusion)

pleura

effusion

escape of blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or space.

pneuma/o (pneumothorax)

air/lung

pneumon/o (pneumonectomy)

air/lung

pulmon/o (pulmonary)

air/lung

rhin/o (rhinoplasty, rhinorrhea)

nose

sinus/o (sinusitis)

sinus cavity

spir/o (spirometer, expiration, respiration)

breathing

tel/o (atelectasis)

complete

thorac/o (thoracotomy)

chest

tonsill/o (tonsillectomy)

tonsils

trache/o (tracheotomy, tracheal stenosis)

trachea, windpipe

-ema (empyema)

condition

em-

collection of pus in pleural cavity

-osmia (anosmia)

smell

-pnea (apnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea, tachypnea)

breathing

-ptysis (hemoptysis)

spitting

-sphyxia (asphyxia)

pulse

-thorax (hemothorax, pyothorax)

pleural cavity, chest

adenoids

Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx tonsils.

alveolus

Air sac in the lung.