Haloalkanes and Haloarenes – Lecture 01 Vocabulary

25 vocabulary flashcards covering classification, nomenclature, and key terms related to haloalkanes and haloarenes from Lecture 01.

Haloalkane (Alkyl halide)

An sp³-hybridised carbon atom of an aliphatic chain bonded to a halogen (C–X, where X = F, Cl, Br, I).

Haloarene (Aryl halide)

An sp²-hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring directly bonded to a halogen (Ar–X).

Primary (1°) Halide

Halide in which the carbon bearing X is attached to only one other carbon atom.

Secondary (2°) Halide

Halide in which the carbon bearing X is attached to two other carbon atoms.

Tertiary (3°) Halide

Halide in which the carbon bearing X is attached to three other carbon atoms.

Allyl Halide

Halide where X is bonded to an sp³ carbon next to a C=C double bond (CH₂=CH–CH₂–X).

Vinyl Halide

Halide where X is directly bonded to an sp² carbon of a C=C double bond (CH₂=CH–X).

Benzyl Halide

Halide where X is bonded to the benzylic sp³ carbon (Ph–CH₂–X).

Geminal (Gem) Dihalide

Two halogens attached to the same carbon atom (–CX₂–).

Vicinal (Vic) Dihalide

Two halogens attached to adjacent carbons (–CHX–CHX–).

Alkylidene Dihalide

Another term for a geminal dihalide, particularly on the same carbon of a 1,1-dihaloalkane.

Alkylene Dihalide

Another term for a vicinal dihalide, particularly on adjacent carbons of a 1,2-dihaloalkane.

Ortho (o-) Position

Substituent located on carbon-2 relative to a reference group on an aromatic ring.

Meta (m-) Position

Substituent located on carbon-3 relative to a reference group on an aromatic ring.

Para (p-) Position

Substituent located on carbon-4 relative to a reference group on an aromatic ring.

Ipso Position

Site on an aromatic ring where the reference substituent itself is located; used for halogen exchange discussions.

Sym (Symmetrical)

All identical substituents arranged symmetrically on an aromatic ring (e.g., sym-trichlorobenzene).

Neo Prefix

Indicates a carbon skeleton with a quaternary carbon at the end (e.g., neopentyl).

Iso Prefix

Indicates a chain that ends with a –CH(CH₃)₂ group (e.g., isobutyl chloride).

Sec (Secondary) Prefix

Specifies that the functional carbon is secondary, attached to two other carbons (e.g., sec-butyl chloride).

Tert (Tertiary) Prefix

Specifies that the functional carbon is tertiary, attached to three other carbons (e.g., tert-butyl bromide).

Grignard Reagent

Organomagnesium halide (RMgX) formed from alkyl/aryl halide with Mg; important in haloalkane reactions.

Photohalogenation

Free-radical halogen substitution on alkanes initiated by light.

Free-Radical Halogenation

Reaction mechanism involving homolytic cleavage, radical chain propagation, and termination steps to substitute hydrogen with halogen.

IUPAC Nomenclature (for Halides)

Systematic naming: longest chain containing halogen, lowest locant to X, prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- listed alphabetically.