Aquatic Resources and Ecology Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering the comprehensive lecture notes on aquatic resources, biological classifications, fish anatomy, ecology, and ecosystem management.

What is the definition of Aquatic Resources according to R.A. 8550?

Includes fish, all other aquatic flora and fauna and other living resources of the aquatic environment, including but not limited to salt and corals.

How are common property resources (CPRs) defined in the context of aquatic ecology?

A natural resource in which a group of people has common user rights, though not necessarily ownership rights.

What are the two kinds of zooplankton based on their life history?

Holoplankton (organisms that spend their entire life as plankton) and meroplankton (organisms that spend only a part of their lives as plankton).

What classification is given to organisms that are powerful swimmers and independent of water movement?

Nekton

Define the two-name system of nomenclature used for organisms.

Binomial nomenclature, consisting of a genus and a species name.

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

What defines the community known as Seston?

A heterogeneous mixture of living (bioseston) and non-living (abioseston) bodies that float or swim in water.

What term describes plankton that are introduced to a body of water from other localities?

Allogenetic plankton

What is the term for the phenomenon where plankton like Daphnia change their head measurements adaptively significantly affecting sinking rate?

Cyclomorphosis

What is the definition of an annual standing crop?

The total amount of plankton present in a year.

What community refers to organisms of the surface film that use surface tension for stabilization?

Neuston

How are the bottom-dwelling organisms of the ocean floor classified?

Benthos

What German term includes both attached and free-living plants and animals on submerged substrates that do not penetrate it?

Aufwuchs

How are periphyton organisms classified if they are attached to stones?

Lithophile

What percentage of macrophyte coverage is noted to affect pond fish production?

$$10-20\%$$

What are the three ecological groups of vascular aquatic plants?

Emergent, Floating, and Submerged.

Which organisms are responsible for mineralizing nutrients from dead organic materials?

Saprophytes (bacteria and fungi).

What is the difference between chemosynthetic and photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria?

Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy by oxidation of inorganic compounds without sunlight, while photosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from sunlight.

Which cyanobacterium is considered the most abundant photosynthetic organism in the ocean?

Prochlorococcus

Contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration in prokaryotes.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and occurs in anoxic environments.

What is the process of converting gaseous nitrogen ($N_2$) into ammonium ($NH_4^+$) called?

Nitrogen fixation

What are the star-shaped internal skeletons of silicoflagellates made of?

Silica ($SiO_2$)

What type of dinoflagellates live in close association with reef-building corals to help form their skeletons?

Zooxanthellae

What are the button-like structures made of $CaCO_3$ that cover Coccolithophorids?

Coccoliths

What phylum do animal-like protists with hair-like cilia belong to?

Phylum Ciliophora

Identify the three types of multicellular algae (seaweeds) based on their divisions.

Green Algae (Chlorophyta), Brown Algae (Phaeophyta), and Red Algae (Rhodophyta).

Which pigment gives brown algae its characteristic color?

Fucoxanthin

What are the horizontal stems of seagrasses that grow beneath the sediment called?

Rhizomes

What percentage of all animal species are invertebrates?

At least $97\%$

What are the tiny pores on the surface of a sponge that allow water to enter called?

Ostia

What is the specialized stinging structure found within cnidoid cells of cnidarians?

Nematocyst

What term refers to the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all differentiated cells in an organism?

Totipotency

What is the specialized long, fleshy tube used by ribbonworms to entangle prey?

Proboscis

What term defines the study of molluscs?

Malacology

What is the unique ribbon of small teeth used by molluscs for feeding?

Radula

What is the process by which an arthropod sheds its old exoskeleton to grow?

Moulting or Ecdysis

What is the copper-based blood analogue found in many arthropods?

Haemolymph

What is the porous plate on the aboral surface of an echinoderm that connects the water vascular system to the outside?

Madreporite

What is the intricate system of jaws and muscles used by sea urchins to bite off food?

Aristotle’s lantern

What are the three types of eggs produced by female rotifers?

Amictic eggs, Mictic eggs, and Resting (winter) eggs.

What three features must an animal have to be classified as a chordate?

A single hollow nerve cord, gill slits, and a notochord.

Define the terms 'Fish' versus 'Fishes'.

'Fish' refers to a single species (singular or plural), while 'Fishes' refers to more than one species.

Which class includes jawless fishes like hagfishes and lampreys?

Class Agnatha

What substance makes up the skeleton of Class Chondrichthyes?

Cartilage

What are the sandpaper-like scales characteristic of sharks?

Placoid scales

What is the primary function of the swim bladder in bony fishes?

Buoyancy and neutral buoyancy control.

What is the largest documented fish species?

Rhincodon typus (Whale shark).

What caudal fin type features two lobes of similar shape?

Homocercal

What are the small openings in sharks and rays used for the intake of water during respiration?

Spiracles

What is the thin, flexible gill opening cover found in bony fishes?

Operculum

Which layer of the fish skin contains pigment cells and blood vessels?

Dermis

What are the four types of chromatophores in fishes based on their pigments?

Melanophores, Iridophores, Xanthophores, and Erythrophores.

What are the segmented blocks of skeletal muscle in fishes called?

Myomeres (or Myotomes).

Which type of fish muscle is used for high-speed burst swimming?

White muscle

What is the term for heterotrophic nutrition characterized by the internalization and internal processing of food particles?

Holozoic nutrition

How does the length of the intestine differ between carnivorous and herbivorous fishes?

Carnivorous fishes have short, straight intestines, whereas herbivorous fishes have long, coiled intestines.

What are the finger-shaped pouches in the fish intestine that increase surface area for digestion?

Pyloric caeca

What the term for the respiratory mechanism where water flows across the lamellae in the opposite direction to the blood?

Countercurrent gas exchange

What is the difference between obligate and facultative air breathers?

Obligate air breathers must rise to the surface to breathe air, while facultative air breathers use air breathing optionally to supplement aquatic respiration.

What is the apparatus used to measure the oxygen consumption of fish?

Respirometer

What are the three cellular components of fish blood?

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes), and Thrombocytes.

Which organ is the primary blood-forming site in teleost fishes?

Kidney and Spleen

What are the four chambers of the fish heart?

Sinus venosus, Atrium, Ventricle, and Conus arteriosus (or Bulbus arteriosus).

What is the difference between ammonotelic and ureotelic animals?

Ammonotelic animals excrete ammonia predominantly, while ureotelic forms change toxic ammonia into less toxic urea.

What defines osmoregulation?

The ability to maintain a suitable internal environment in the face of osmotic stress.

Contrast fish that are euryhaline versus stenohaline.

Euryhaline fishes tolerate a wide range of salinity, while stenohaline fishes tolerate only a narrow range.

What are the two main types of swim bladders based on the presence of a pneumatic duct?

Physostomatous (has duct) and Physoclistous (closed).

What is the bundle of capillaries in physoclistous fish that helps inflate the swim bladder?

Rete mirabile

What are the organs in sharks used to detect weak electrical fields?

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Define the three reproductive strategies: Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, and Viviparous.

Oviparous (eggs hatch outside the body), Ovoviviparous (eggs develop inside the female but without direct nutrient transfer), and Viviparous (embryo absorbs nutrients from the mother’s reproductive tract).

What is the difference between anadromous and catadromous fishes?

Anadromous fishes live at sea but migrate to freshwater to breed; catadromous fishes breed at sea but migrate to freshwater to grow.

Which sea turtle is the only herbivore among the different species?

Green turtle (Chelonia mydas).

What is the term for the automatic reflex where the heart rate slows during a dive in marine mammals?

Bradycardia

What is the waxy oil once sought for candles found in the head of a sperm whale?

Spermaceti

What is the phenomenon where a newly formed embryo stops developing and remains dormant in a female pinniped's womb?

Delayed implantation

According to Eugene P. Odum, how is Ecology defined?

The study of the relation of organisms or groups of organisms to their environment.

What is the rule that states coexisting species must differ in their niche to avoid extinction?

Competitive exclusion

What is the average percentage of energy passed from one trophic level to the next?

Approximately $10\%$

What is the measure of the amount of new organic material created by primary producers?

Primary productivity

What is the top of the saturation zone of groundwater called?

Water table

At what temperature does water reach its maximum density?

$$3.98^\circ C$$

What is a Graben in lake formation?

An elongated basin created by the sinking of crustal blocks between parallel faults.

What is an oxbow lake?

A lake formed by the isolation of a loop from a widely curving or meandering river.

What are the four stages of river development?

Youth stage, Mature stage, Old age stage, and Rejuvenated stage.

What is the interface between land and a flowing surface water body called?

Riparian zone

What is the difference between a bog and a fen?

Bogs are acidic and dominated by mosses, while fens are kept wet by seeps or streams and dominated by sedges and grasses.

What does a shoreline development index of 1 indicate?

A perfectly circular lake basin.

What are the three zones of a lake based on light and depth?

Limnetic zone, Littoral zone, and Profundal zone.

What is the difference between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes?

Oligotrophic lakes are biologically young and nutrient-poor; eutrophic lakes are biologically old and nutrient-rich.

What does the 'vertical extinction coefficient' (k) represent?

The percentage of surface light absorbed or scattered in a 1-meter vertical column of water.

What are the three main types of coral reefs categorized by Darwin?

Fringing reefs, Barrier reefs, and Atolls.

Where is the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park located?

In the middle of the Sulu Sea, Philippines.

What is the first sign of heat stress in coral that involves expelling zooxanthellae?

Bleaching

Which zone of the ocean receives some dim light but not enough for photosynthesis?

Mesopelagic zone

What is the biological process used by bacteria at hydrothermal vents to synthesize food?

Chemosynthesis

What is Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?

The rate of growth of an organism is limited by the essential nutrient present in the minimal amount.

Who is known as the Father of Tilapia sex reversal?

Rafael Guerrero III

Who is known as the Father of Philippine Phycology?

Gavino Trono Jr.

Who is considered the Father of Oceanography?

Matthew Fontaine Maury

What is the difference between direct and indirect use values in resource valuation?

Direct use values cover tangible goods (e.g., fish), while indirect use values cover services (e.g., coastal protection).