________ is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption.
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Sebaceous glands
________ eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons, and waxes through sebum.
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DCT
________ is also capable of reabsorption of HCO3- and selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions and NH3 to maintain the pH and sodium- potassium balance in the blood.
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hairpin shaped Henles loop
A(n) ________ is the next part of the tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.
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Malpighian corpuscle
The ________, PCT, and DCT of the nephron are situated in the cortical region of the kidney whereas the loop of Henle dips into the medulla.
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Ammonia
________ produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys.
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efferent arteriole
The ________ emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the peritubular capillaries.
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Urine formation
________ involves three main processes namely, glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, that take place in different parts of the nephron.
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Angiotensin II
________ also activates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone.
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JGA
________ is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact.
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body fluid volume
An increase in ________ can switch off the osmoreceptors and suppress the ADH release to complete the feedback.
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Malpighian tubules
________ are the excretory structures of most insects including cockroaches.
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Aldosterone
________ causes the reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of the tubule.
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ADH
________ can also affect kidney function through its constrictor effects on blood vessels.
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GFR
A fall in ________ can activate the JG cells to release renin which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby the ________ back to normal.
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Protonephridia
________ are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation.
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Reabsorption
________ is minimum in its ascending limb.
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convenient artery
Blood drained from a(n) ________ is pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin.
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ANF
________ can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease blood pressure.
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humans
In ________, the excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, one pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
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nephron
Each ________ has two parts- the glomerulus and the renal tubule.
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excrete nitrogenous wastes
Reptiles, birds, land snails, and insects ________ as uric acid in the form of pellets or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals.
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Mammals
________ have the ability to produce concentrated urine.
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uric acid
Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, ________, carbon dioxide, water, and ions like Na+, K+, Cl,- phosphate, sulfate, etc., either by metabolic activities or by other means like excess ingestion.
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tough capsule
The outer layer of the kidney is a(n) ________.
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Vasa recta
________ are absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons.
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Nephridia
________ help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance.
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CNS
The ________ passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine.
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Blood
________ from the glomerulus is carried away by an efferent arteriole.
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marine fishes
Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, and ________ mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals.
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NaCl
________ is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of the vasa recta.
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Bowmans capsule
The glomerulus along with ________ is called the malpighian body or renal corpuscle.
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light yellow
The urine formed is a(n) ________ colored watery fluid that is slightly acidic (pH- 6.0) and has a characteristic odor.
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Reabsorption of water
________ also occurs passively in the initial segments of the nephron.
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glomerular filtration
The kidneys have built- in mechanisms for the regulation of the ________ rate.
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Antennal glands
________ or green glands perform the excretory function in crustaceans like prawns.
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Human kidneys
________ can produce urine nearly four times more concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
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Kidneys
________ are reddish brown, bean- shaped structures situated between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity.
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cortex
The ________ extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns called Columns of Bertini.
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renal tubule
The ________ begins with a double- walled cup- like structure called Bowmans capsule, which encloses the glomerulus.
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amount of filtrate
The ________ formed by the kidneys per minute is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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largest gland
The liver, the ________ in our body, secretes bile- containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins, and drugs.
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medulla
The ________ is divided into a few conical masses (medullary pyramids) projecting into the calyces.
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gill surfaces
Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through ________ (in fish) as ammonium ions.
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significant quantities of water
Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2 (approximately 200mL /minute) and also ________ every day.
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blood pressure
An increase in ________ can increase the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR.
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Terrestrial adaptation
________ necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for the conservation of water.
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tuft of capillaries
The glomerulus is a(n) ________ formed by the afferent arteriole- a fine branch of the renal artery.
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complex tubular
Each kidney has nearly one million ________ structures called nephrons, which are functional units.
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PCT
________ also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen ions, ammonia and potassium ions into the filtrate and by absorption of HCO3- from it.
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Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids, and the cephalochordate
Amphioxus
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Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, and 2-3 cm in thickness with an average weight of 120
170g
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Each nephron has two parts
the glomerulus and the renal tubule
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The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole
a fine branch of the renal artery
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The tubule continues further to form a highly coiled network
a proximal convoluted tubule
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PCT also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen ions, ammonia and potassium ions into the filtrate and by absorption of HCO3
from it
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DCT is also capable of reabsorption of HCO3
and selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions and NH3 to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in the blood
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