Nutrition Exam #1 (HWs and MORE)

Casein reduces demineralization and helps buffers acids. What food is it found in?

cheese

which is NOT considered a primary factor in the caries process?

a. increased age

b. fermentable carbs

c. cariogenic bacteria

d. susceptible host

increased age

A deficiency in what vitamin is most likely linked to the development of gingivitis?

vitamin C

which is not recommended for a patient post-surgery?

a. cottage cheese

b. plain pasta

c. milkshake

d. scrambled eggs

plain pasta

what is a major cause of dentin hypersensitivity?

erosion

which food is considered to be noncariogenic?

a. cooked veggies

b. raw veggies

c. pretzels

d. fruit juice

raw veggies

what is the normal pH of resting saliva?

6.5-7.0

what is NOT considered a significant predisposing factor for NECROTIZING ulcerative gingivitis or periodontitis?

poor nutrition

what population has increased caries prevelance?

low socioeconomic background

which food is MOST retentive?

a. crackers

b. raisins

c. caramels

d. jelly beans

crackers

chemical digestion of carbs begins with amylase. Where is amylase found?

the mouth

what is the term for the amount of energy needed to sustain the body at rest for 24 hours?

BMR (basal metabolic rate)

what is true about BMI?

it only takes into account height and weight

what eating disorder is characterized as binge eating followed by purging?

bulimia

how much energy to carbs yield?

4 kcal

what monosaccharide is considered a component of milk sugar?

galactose

what is the plant storage form of glucose called?

starch

what sweetener is classified as a substance that is reasonably suspected of being a human carcinogen?

saccharin

which monosaccharide is the main fuel for the brain and is needed for WBCs and RBCs?

glucose

The disaccharide sucrose is made up of glucose and?

fructose

what is the term for the process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance?

nutrition

what is the term for biochemical substances that can be supplied only in adequate amounts from an outside source - usually food?

nutrients

what nutrients are obtained from foods?

water

proteins

carbs

fats

minerals

vitamins

what are the goals of Healthy People 2030?

increase the quality and years of life

eliminate health disparities

create social and physical environments that promote good health

promote quality life and healthful development

how many topic areas are in Healthy People 2030?

5

how many measurable objectives are in Healthy People 2030?

359

what are DRIs?

dietary reference intakes - guidelines for healthy people

what is RDAs (recommended dietary allowances)?

the sufficient amount of nutrients to meet requirements of nearly all healthy individuals

what is EAR (estimated average requirement)?

the amount of nutrients estimated to meet the needs of HALF of healthy people in a specific age and gender group

what is the term for the average amount of nutrient to maintain a defined nutritional state?

Adequate Intake (AI)

what is the term for the maximum daily level of nutrient intake that probably will not cause adverse health/toxic effects?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

what is the term for the energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance?

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

how many cups equivalent of veggies is included in a 2,000 calorie diet?

2.5 cups equivalent

how many ounces equivalent of whole grains is for a 2,000 calorie diet per day?

6 oz

what is the recommended cups equivalent for dairy in adolescents and adults?

3 cups

what is the recommended ounces equivalent for protein foods in a 2,000 calorie diet?

5-6.5 ounces

what % of calories should added sugars be limited to per day?

10%

what food groups are included in the MyPlate System?

protein

grains

fruits

veggies

dairy

what is biochemistry?

the study of life at a molecular level

biochemistry structure

3-D arrangement of atoms in a molecule

biochemistry metabolism

production and use of energy

biotransformation

transfer of biological info from DNA to RNA

what are the 4 major classes of biomolecules?

carbs

proteins

nucleic acids

lipids

what is the structure of carbohydrates?

organic compounds

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are carbohydrates classified as?

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccarides

what are carbohydrates broken down into?

simple sugars

function of carbohydrates

energy metabolism

storage

protein structure

composed of amino acids

protein function

build and repair tissues

lipid function

energy metabolism

storage

provide insulin and protection

metabolism

how cells acquire, transform, store, and use energy

how much energy do carbs yield?

4 kcal

how much energy is yielded from protein?

4 kcal

how much energy do lipids yield?

9 kcal

xerostomia

dry mouth

iatrogenic

adverse condition resulting from medical tx

hypogeusia

loss of taste

hypergeusia

increased taste acuity

dysgeusia

altered taste

anorexia

lack or loss of appetite resulting in the inability to eat

what organs are included in the digestive system?

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

what is the term for loss of smell that results in the limited capacity to taste?

anosmia

functions of slaiva

lubrication for chewing, swallowing, digestion

removes debris

provides antibacterial action

neutralizes, dilutes, and buffers bacterial acids

remineralization

prevents plaque accumulation

facilitates taste

promotes

what is produced when a bolus entering the stomach is mixed with gastric secretion?

chyme

what are 2 major enzymes found in gastric juices?

pepsin

lipase

what is the enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing large protein molecules to smaller fragments?

pepsin

what enzyme is involved in digestion of short and medium-chain triglycerides?

gastric lipase

what organ do most the nutrients become hydrolyzed and absorbed?

small intestine

does the large intestine have digestive function?

no - little to no digestive function

does not contain villi like the small intestine

what is the function of the large intestine?

force feces into the rectum = peristalsis

dental caries

oral infectious disease that is multifactorial, transmissible, and of bacterial origin

factors that contribute to the dental caries process

susceptible host or tooth surface

cariogenic microorganisms

fermentable carbohydrates

flow/compositon of saliva

when does resistance against demineralization begin?

in the pre-eruptive phase

what increases the susceptibility of caries

deep pits and fissures

what vitamins are important for resistance against caries?

vitamin A, C, D, fluoride, protein, phosphorus

how does saliva help prevent caries?

acts as a buffer

neutralizes acids produced by plaque biofilm

contains bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

what do byproducts of sucrose and glucose produce that create an environment for the growth of bacteria causing caries?

produce acids that lowers the pH --> creates environment for Step. mutans to grow

what enzyme breaks down oral monosaccharides and disaccharides?

amylase

cariostatic foods

do NOT lower plaque pH

what foods are cariostatic?

proteins and fats (meat, seafood, eggs, nuts, seeds, oils, margarine)

noncariogenic foods

NOT metabolized by microorganisms - DO NOT promote caries

what are kind of sweeteners are noncariogenic?

non-nutritive sweeteners

examples of non-nutritive sweeteners

saccarine, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame

what are cariogenic foods?

fermentable carbohydrates that are metabolized and reduce salivary pH to below 5.5

what is the least cariogenic - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides?

polysaccharides

what is acidogenic?

reduce salivary pH to less than 5.5 (ex. citric fruits)

anicariogenic foods

do not cause a reduction in salivary pH below 5.5

can protect food from cariogenic activity

what are examples of anticariogenic foods?

sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol)

why is chocolate considered a protective food against caries?

"cocoa factor" - has anticariogenic properties

glycyrrhiza

active ingredient in licorice

can reduce strep mutans in saliva

anticariogenic

factors that influence cariogenicity

frequency of meals

oral retentiveness

sequence of food consumption

sugar concentration

physical form of the carbohydrate

proximity to eating to bedtime

retentive carbohydrates

crackers, potato chips, pretzels, bakery items

frequency of intake

relationship between caries rate and # of meals/snacks consumed

how long does the salivary pH drop below the critical level after eating food containing a carbohydrate?

40 min - demineralization occurs

examples of noncariogenic snacks

raw fruits and veggies

low-fat cheese

milk

yogurt

nuts

popcorn

needs

vitamins associated with growth and development of periodontal and oral mucosal tissues

vitamins A, C, B complex

what does calcification of alveolus and cementum require

amino acids

calcium

phosphorus

vitamine D

magnesium

what vitamins are associated with the maintenance of oral tissues?

vitamins A, C, D, E, proteins

what type of foods stimulate salivary flow?

firm, coarse, and fibrous foods