eoy assesment 1

koh-i-noor, assassination, forgotten armies

First Anglo-Sikh War

28 January, 1846, Battle of Aliwal

• the British realised they were vastly outnumbered.

• 475 British & Indian troops resulted in the death of 3000 sikhs

Treaty of Lahore

9 March 1846

• “There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British government on one part and Maharajah Duleep Singh, his heirs and successors on the other” (Article 1)

• By which the British sedated the Sikhs by promising to safeguard Duleep

Imprisonment of Jindan

Duleep’s mother and advisor

• Taken to a fort in Lahore for 10 days and moved to a fortress 25 miles away from Duleep

• By doing so, the British left Duleep without guidance

The Second Anglo-Sikh war

The EIC took the Punjab City of Multan by force in 1848, thus beginning the war

The Treaty of Lahore(after the 2nd Anglo-Sikh war)

29 March 1849

• “All the property of the state of whatever description and wheresoever found shall be confiscated to the Honourable East India Company”(ii)

The Great Exhibition

1851

• the Koh-I-Noor was displayed in a crowned cage

• 6 million people(1/3 of the population) visited in 6 months

Recutting the diamond

1852

• to fit European standards it was made symmetrical and shinier

• this implies the British monarchy’s wealth and superiority over the Indian.

EIC’s profit from India

They exported exotic goods

• cloves at a 230% return rate

• Indian cotton was mass produced and exported

As these goods were not available in the west, the supply was lower with higher demands.

EICs control over India

• They ruled over 140million people and had their own army

• They were allowed to trade tax-free and basically had state control

The fall of the EIC

1857, the EIC army rebelled, causing the British Government to take control in the form of the “British Raj”

British Raj taking

• power of voting

• power to hold positions in power

• religious unity

• exotic goods

British Raj giving

• caste system

• taxes on everyday goods

• railways to transport goods

For the return of KIN

• represents colonial past and bloodshed

• theft

• no rights to remain

• indian soil

Against the return of KIN

• influences return of other jewels

• symbols of history

• passed through many hands who used similar methods & were allowed to keep them

• the original owner varies on perspective(legality, longest time, origin?)

Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated 28 June 1914

• The Archduke of the Austro-Hungarian empire who had control over an unwilling Bosnia

The Triple Alliance

Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire

Austria

• 23/7/1914, Austria declares they will invade Serbia if they don’t obey

• 28/7/1914, Austria declares war

Germany

• 1/8/1914, Germany declares war against Russia

• 3/8/1914, Germany declares war against France & Belgium. War on two fronts

The Triple Entente

Russia, France, Britain

• Serbia was an add-on of Russia

Russia

• 24/7/1914, Russia declares they’ll protect Serbia

• 30/7/1914, The whole Russian army is mobilized against Austria

France

• 1/8/1914, France mobilizes their army against Germany

Britain

• 4/8/1914, Britain declares war on Germany to protect France & Belgium

Militarism

The pride of one’s country in their military(i.e navy)

Dreadnaughts

Launched in 1906, a powerful battleship

• A race to build as many as possible between Britain(29) and Germany.(17)

Arms Race

Spending on the Army increased by 300% between 1870 and 1914

• conscription was brought in

Alliances

Countries in active agreement to operate together.

British-Belgian Alliance

Britain and Belgium had an old alliance from 1839, leading to Britain being provoked by German advances

The Triple Alliance

In 1882, there was an alliance formed between Germany, Austria and Italy to defend each other if war broke out.

• Austria wanted to expand her empire, but was weak for many years.

Imperialism

Empires and their control over colonies

Scramble for Africa

1870-1900, European countries competed for African land

• over 90% was controlled by 1900

Nationalism

Pride and Love for the independence of your country

Franco-prussian war

France went to war in 1870 and was badly beaten, losing Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.

• damaging national pride

Russian Ambition

Russia lost a war against Japan in 1905

• was deeply wounded and wanted to prove stature again

Manta Singh

• made friends with captain George Henderson

• fought near Neuve Chapelle

• was shot in the thigh and amputated

Ganga Singh

• based in Ypres during oct-nov 1914

• had a thin, tropical uniform

Weaponry for the Indian

• toxic chlorine gases

• new rifles

• dynamite in a jam jar

• bayonet

• swords

• shells

Military strategy for the Indian

• trenches(first ever by Indian corps)

• rushing to recruit soldiers

• barbed wire over trenches

Treat of troops for the Indian

• 4000 Indian soldiers killed in the first 3 days of March 1915(Neuve Chapelle)

• Religion was respected

• Friendships formed through trauma

• Language barriers

Mike Mountain Horse

• joined the war due to his brother’s death

• was trapped under rubble for 4 days in the Battle of Cambrai 1918

• captured higher grounds in the Battle of Vinny Ridge 1917(small colonial units went by undetected)

Impact of Canada on Western Front

• brought national pride by achieving something the powers couldn’t

• vital role in military tactics

  • beliefs were allowed on the field(buffalo hide war recording)

Senegalese soldiers

• used as human shields and bait

  • racist ideas believing they had underdeveloped nerves(feeling 0 pain) and were naturally aggressive

Algerian soldiers

• didn’t have equipment such as gas masks & weaponry

• language barriers influenced miscommunication

Chlorine gas

22nd April 1915, Ypres

• under equipped

• overall distress and confusion

• 6000 men killed