Lithosphere L2

The definition of mineral

It's inorganic solid substance exist in nature and has fixed or semi fixed chemical composition and a regular crystalline that gives it destinctive physical properties

What are the minerals to rocks

They are their building unit of rocks

How minerals make rocks

They interact with water , air and living organisms leading to :

formation of soil

Release of nutrients

Facilitate the movement of water and gases

What is the hardness

It's a physical property that represents how resistant is a mineral or rock to scratching

How is the hardness determined

It's determined by Mohs scale

from 1(soft part) to 10(hard part )

The properties of Gypsum

Hardness 2

easily scratching

Cannot be used in load bearing or manufacturing tools requires scratch resistance

G

Granite properties

Hardness 7

scratch resistant

Be used in glass industry and erosion resistant parts

What does the hardness affect the rock in ?

It affects the mechanical strength of rocks

Examples of hard rocks

Granite and sandstone

Examples of soft rocks

Limestone which contains calcite

Rock and Hardness of Khafre

Diorite

7

Ramses II

Red granite

6 to 7

Sphinx

Limestone

3 to 4

Amenhotop III

Alabaster

2.5 to 3

Color definition and Example

Color may help in identifying the minerals with destinctive color

For example :Malachite have green color

Color can't be relied upon to identify mineral why

Because :

Different minerals may be having the same color
The mineral may have more than one color such as : calcite

Luster

How light reflects the mineral surface

Types of luster and their examples

1. Metallic luster : gold and pyrite

2. Glassy luster : Quartz and calcite

3. Matte surface : basalt

Pyrite is called fool's gold why ?

Because it's shine is like the gold but it have different composition and density

What is specific gravity

The ratio of the mass of a specific volume of a material to the same volume of water at temperature of 4°C

Heavy minerals (specific gravity )

They have high spedific gravity as they contain heavy elements as lead and silver such as : galena (lead sulphide )

Light minerals

They have low specific gravity as feldspar

The importance of determining the specific gravity of rocks

1. Volcanic rocks (igneous )are rich in iron and heavy metals that have high specific density and sedimentary rocks as light sandstone that have low specific gravity

2. Determining the specific gravity at construction sites helps in identifying the composition of earth's strata during drilling and geophysical surveys

What is cleavage and it's results ?

It's the ability of mineral to splite in crytalline plates that reflect the structure of bonds within the crystal

smooth and similar surface

Fracture and it's result

The pattern of breakage where this breakage doesn't follow crystalline plates

Irregular broken surfaces

Examples of cleavage

Mica and feldspar

Examples of fracture

Quartz and it breaks with conchoidal fracture

Mica splition

Splits in one direction and in thin layers

Feldspar splition

It splits in two or three directions with specific angles

The importance of cleavage and fracture

Helps in engineering as using cleavage rocks in constructions can lead to collapse of buildings

Chemical composition of a mineral or roc, refers to what

Type of elements and their relative properties

Major groups of chemical composition

1. Silicate group

2. Carbonated group

3. Oxide group

4. Sulphide group

Silicate group

It represents the most of the earth's crust

from it's examples is quartz , pyroxene, feldspar

They are very hard

It's resistant to dissolution in weak acids so it remains in soil and sedimentary rocks for long periods of time

Carbonates group

Like calcite in limestone

partially dissolves in weak acids

Reacts with dulite carbonic acids forming carbon dioxide

Calcium ions and bicarbonate transfer into aqueous solution

Formation of minerals on the earth's crust

It's formed through different geological processes:

Crystallization of magma

Evaporation of water

High pressure and heat

How minerals formed from crystallization of magma

Minerals from magma cools and solidifies

How minerals be formed from Evaporation of water

Mineral salts precipitate when water evaporates

How minerals be formed from high pressure and heat

Atoms rearrange when rocks are subjected to high pressure and temperature

How minerals play an essential role in maintaining earth's structure

1. Gives rocks hardness

2. Helps in the formation of continents and mountains

3. Contribute to determining soil properties

4. The difference distribution of elements resulting from physical and chemical diversity of minerals such as : rock cycle and movement of tectonic plates

The use on quartz in precision watches

Quartz crystals vibrate at a constant rate when being exposed to an electric potential difference

The use of Quartz in GPS

Adjust electronic signals and provide precise timing for data transmission, ensuring that calls, messages and map locations arrive accurately

From where is the iron extracted

From ores like hematite and magnetite

The uses of iron

1. Metal structures and heavy machinery

2. Electric cars and high speed trains which Contribute to the reduction of co2 gas emission and achieving sustainable future

3. Wind turbines structures for clean energy

From where is silicon extracted

It's extracted from sand (quartz)

The use of silicon in electric chips and smartphones

It controls the flow of electric current inside the electric circuits making it the basis for the operation of processors and electronic circuits

Silicon in solar panels

Convert sunlight into clean elctric energy

Lithium

It's characterized by it's high capacity to store energy for extended periods and releasing it with high efficiency

Calcium and iron compounds

They are the key components of nutritional supplements used to treat mineral deficiencies in the human body

Titanium

Medical application in Bone implant and joint replacement because they are strong , light , don't react with body tissues and not rejected by the immune body

Neodymium - iron- Boron

One of the strongest permanent magnets in the world used in :

MRI machines

Produces string magnetic field to image internal organs without surgery

Cobalt

Used in the production of : lithium ions batteries for smart medical pumps and wearable health monitoring devices

Lithium in medical

Used in batteries for medical devices such as :

pacemakers

Blood glucose measuring devices

Gold and silver

Targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to increase treatment accuracy and reduce the damage to healthy tissue

What is the external factors and internal factors that affect rocks

External factors : wind , water and temperature changes

Internal factors : pressure , heat and earth's internal forces

What is step 1 in Rock cycle and how

Formation of igneous Rocks where the rock cycle begins when magma inside the earth or lava on the surface cools and solidifies leading to the formation igneous rocks

What is step 2 in the rock cycle

Weathring where rocks are broken into pieces caused by water , wind , rain and temperature changes

What is step 3 in the rock cycle

Transport and Deposition where wind and water carry sediments then they settle into rivers seas and oceans

What is step 4 of the rock cycle

Sedements accumulate then they are compacted and cemented then sedimentary rocks are formed

What is step 5 in the rock cycle

Sedimentary rocks may be pushed underground then they are exposed to high heat and pressure so their minerals change and metamorphic rocks are formed without the melting or rocks

Step 6 in rock cycle

At very great depths rocks melt and they return to the magma then the rock cycle starts again

Examples Of The Rock Cycle 1

Successive rock layers in mountains and mountains roads which represents deposits that have accumulated over millions of years forming sedimentary rocks

Examples Of The Rock Cycle 2

Marble used in bulidings where they are metamorphic rocks resulted from limestone when exposed to intense heat and pressure

Examples Of The Rock Cycle 3

Sand composed of minerals where silica resulting from disintegration and crushing rocks which is used in the manufacturing of glass

The other name of sedimentary rocks (process of it's formation )

Lithification

The other name of metamorphic rocks (process of it's formation )

Metamorphism