Time Period 2 Vocabulary

Kai lowkey a baddie...

Ottoman Empire (Islamic Empires)

A powerful Muslim empire (1300s-1900s) that controlled much of Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Safavid Dynasty (Islamic Empires)

Persian Shi'a Muslim dynasty (1501-1736) that ruled modern-day Iran and fought with the Ottomans.

Mughal Empire (Islamic Empires)

Muslim dynasty that ruled most of India (1526-1857), known for cultural blending and monumental architecture.

Suleiman Mosque (Islamic Empires)

A grand mosque in Istanbul built under Suleiman the Magnificent as a symbol of Ottoman power.

Coffeehouses (Islamic Empires)

Social gathering places in Islamic cities where people discussed politics, business, and religion.

Tariff (Islamic Empires)

A tax on imported goods used by empires to raise revenue and control trade.

Tribute (Islamic Empires)

Payments made by conquered peoples to empires as a sign of loyalty and submission.

Ulama (Islamic Empires)

Islamic scholars who interpreted religious law and advised rulers.

Umma (Islamic Empires)

The worldwide community of Muslims connected by faith.

Sharia Law (Islamic Empires)

Islamic legal system derived from the Qur'an and traditions of Muhammad.

Harem (Islamic Empires)

Secluded living quarters for the wives and concubines of Muslim rulers.

Miniature Paintings (Islamic Empires)

Detailed Persian and Mughal art used to glorify rulers and depict cultural life.

Millet System (Islamic Empires)

Ottoman system allowing religious minorities to govern themselves under their own laws.

Sikhism (Islamic Empires)

A syncretic religion founded in India combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Guru Nanak (Islamic Empires)

Founder of Sikhism who taught devotion to one God and rejection of caste.

Taj Mahal (Islamic Empires)

A Mughal mausoleum built by Shah Jahan as a symbol of love and power.

Gunpowder Empires (Islamic Empires)

Islamic empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) that used firearms and cannons to expand.

Sultan (Islamic Empires)

The Muslim sovereign ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed II (Islamic Empires)

Ottoman ruler who conquered Constantinople in 1453, renaming it Istanbul.

Suleiman I (Islamic Empires)

Ottoman ruler known as 'the Magnificent,' who expanded the empire and reformed laws.

Topkapi Palace (Islamic Empires)

The political and cultural center of the Ottoman sultans in Istanbul.

Viziers (Islamic Empires)

High officials who served as advisors or ministers to Muslim rulers.

Shah (Islamic Empires)

Title for kings in Persia/Iran, especially under the Safavids.

Tax Farming (Islamic Empires)

A system where individuals collected taxes for the state in exchange for a share of the revenue.

Askia of Songhai (Islamic Empires)

West African Muslim ruler who expanded Songhai and promoted Islam.

Piracy (Islamic Empires)

Seafaring raiders in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean who disrupted trade and empire control.

Shah Abbas I (Islamic Empires)

Safavid ruler who strengthened the empire and promoted trade and culture.

Ismail (Islamic Empires)

Founder of the Safavid Empire who declared Shi'ism as the state religion.

Sulh-i Kull (Islamic Empires)

Mughal policy of religious tolerance under Akbar, meaning 'peace to all.'

Khalsa (Islamic Empires)

The community of loyal Sikh warriors founded by Guru Gobind Singh.

Qezilbash (Islamic Empires)

Safavid warriors who supported the shahs and promoted Shi'ism.

Isfahan (Islamic Empires)

Capital of the Safavid Empire known for its architecture and trade.

Babur (Islamic Empires)

Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.

Shah Akbar (Islamic Empires)

Mughal ruler famous for religious tolerance and administrative reforms.

Zamindars (Islamic Empires)

Mughal tax collectors who kept part of the revenue for themselves.

Mansabdars (Islamic Empires)

Mughal officials who held land grants in exchange for military service.

Devshirme (Islamic Empires)

Ottoman system of recruiting Christian boys to serve as soldiers or officials.

Shah Jahan (Islamic Empires)

Mughal emperor who built the Taj Mahal.

Shah Aurangzeb (Islamic Empires)

Mughal ruler known for his strict Islamic policies and expansion of empire.

Janissaries (Islamic Empires)

Elite Ottoman soldiers recruited through the devshirme system.

Istanbul (Islamic Empires)

Capital of the Ottoman Empire, formerly Constantinople.

Purdah (Islamic Empires)

Practice of secluding women from public view in Muslim and Hindu societies.

Mumtaz Mahal (Islamic Empires)

Wife of Shah Jahan for whom the Taj Mahal was built.

Sunni (Islamic Empires)

The largest branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors.

Shi'a (Islamic Empires)

A branch of Islam that believes leadership should descend from Muhammad's family.

Rupee (Islamic Empires)

Currency introduced in the Mughal Empire and used widely in South Asia.

Delhi (Islamic Empires)

Key Mughal capital city in India.

Twelver Shi'ism (Islamic Empires)

A sect of Shi'a Islam dominant in Safavid Persia, believing in 12 divinely guided imams.

Imams (Islamic Empires)

Spiritual leaders in Islam, especially central in Shi'a traditions.

Madrasas (Islamic Empires)

Islamic schools for higher learning in law, religion, and philosophy.

Bureaucracy (East Asia)

A government system with officials organized into departments, central to Chinese dynasties.

Centralized Power (East Asia)

A political system where authority is concentrated in the emperor and his court.

Hongwu (East Asia)

Founder of the Ming Dynasty who restored Chinese traditions and agriculture.

Ming Dynasty (East Asia)

Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) known for expansion, the Forbidden City, and Zheng He's voyages.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (East Asia)

Japanese leader who unified much of Japan in the late 1500s. Stops fighting. Known as the "Great Uniter"

Tokugawa Ieyasu (East Asia)

Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate who established lasting peace in Japan.

Edo (East Asia)

Capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate, later renamed Tokyo.

Tokugawa Shogunate (East Asia)

Japanese military government (1603-1868) that enforced isolation and stability.

Daimyo (East Asia)

Powerful Japanese feudal lords under the shogunate.

Qing Dynasty (East Asia)

China's last dynasty (1644-1911), founded by the Manchus.

Nanjing (East Asia)

A major Chinese city that served as a Ming capital.

Forbidden City (East Asia)

Imperial palace complex in Beijing symbolizing Chinese power.

Journey to the West (East Asia)

Famous Chinese novel blending history, myth, and Buddhism.

Zheng He (East Asia)

Ming admiral who led massive naval expeditions across the Indian Ocean.

White Lotus Rebellion (East Asia)

Peasant uprising against the Qing Dynasty inspired by religion.

Red Turban Movement (East Asia)

Rebellion that helped overthrow the Yuan dynasty and establish the Ming.

Cartography (East Asia)

The science of mapmaking, advanced under the Ming and Qing.

Manchus (East Asia)

People from northeast Asia who founded the Qing Dynasty.

57 Ronin (East Asia)

Legendary group of Japanese samurai who avenged their master.

Tribute System (East Asia)

Chinese system where foreign states paid tribute to acknowledge Chinese superiority.

Emperor Qianlong (East Asia)

Qing emperor who expanded China to its largest territorial size.

Yongle (East Asia)

Ming emperor who built the Forbidden City and sponsored Zheng He's voyages.

Kangxi (East Asia)

Qing emperor who stabilized the empire and expanded its influence.

Canton System (East Asia)

Qing trade policy that restricted foreign merchants to Canton (Guangzhou).

Que (East Asia)

The shaved forehead and long braid hairstyle forced on Chinese men by the Manchus.

Period of Great Peace (East Asia)

Era of stability under the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan.

Henry VIII (Europe)

King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church during the Protestant Reformation.

Charles V (Europe)

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled a vast European empire and fought to maintain Catholic dominance against Protestant reforms. Split his empire into two parts.

Queen Elizabeth I (Europe)

English monarch who strengthened Protestantism, defeated the Spanish Armada, and oversaw a golden age of English power.

Queen Isabella & Ferdinand (Europe)

Spanish monarchs who unified Spain, sponsored Columbus, and enforced Catholic orthodoxy through the Inquisition.

Spanish Armada (Europe)

A powerful Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588, marking the decline of Spanish dominance in Europe.

Hapsburgs (Europe)

A powerful royal dynasty in Europe that controlled Austria, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for centuries.

Holy Roman Empire (Europe)

A fragmented political entity in Central Europe ruled by the emperor and heavily influenced by the Catholic Church.

Louis XIV (Europe)

The "Sun King" of France who epitomized absolutism and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of power.

Edict of Nantes (Europe)

A French decree granting limited religious toleration to Huguenots in 1598.

Thirty Years' War (Europe)

A destructive religious conflict (1618-1648) in Central Europe that ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

Divine Right (Europe)

The belief that monarchs received their authority directly from God and were accountable only to Him.

Palace of Versailles (Europe)

Lavish palace built by Louis XIV to display royal power and control the French nobility.

Huguenots (Europe)

French Protestants influenced by Calvinism who were persecuted by Catholic monarchs.

Protestant Reformation (Europe)

A religious movement begun by Martin Luther that challenged Catholic authority and spread Protestant Christianity.

Martin Luther (Europe)

German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by posting the 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church.

95 Theses (Europe)

Martin Luther's list of criticisms of Church practices, especially indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Indulgences (Europe)

Payments to the Catholic Church for the forgiveness of sins, a practice challenged by reformers like Luther.

Erasmus (Europe)

Dutch humanist and Catholic scholar who called for reform of Church corruption before the Reformation.

John Calvin (Europe)

Protestant reformer who emphasized predestination and founded Calvinism.

Predestination (Europe)

The Calvinist belief that God had predetermined who would be saved or damned.

Puritans (Europe)

English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic elements and later migrated to the Americas.

Anglican Church (Europe)

The national Church of England established by Henry VIII after breaking from Rome.

Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) (Europe)

The Catholic Church's reform movement to fight Protestantism through councils, Jesuits, and renewed discipline.

Ignatius Loyola (Europe)

Founder of the Jesuits who promoted Catholic education and missionary work.