Intro to Psychology Chapter 3 & 4

The major function of sleep appears to be:

restorative.

A state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us is the definition of:

consciousness

Psychologists use which term to describe the changing levels of awareness that people experience?

states of consciousness

When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as

sensory awareness

The term "drug abuse" refers to when:

a person's health or ability to function is impaired.

Freud believed the purpose of dreams is to:

fulfill wishes.

Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang probably suffers from which sleep disorder?

insomnia

The term, "drug dependence" refers to when:

a person's ability to control their use of the drug is impaired.

Grandma Betsy just called you and told you that she had spilled a gallon of forest green paint all over her new white carpet. Even though you did not see it, you were conscious of the image through

direct inner awareness

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming

an abundance of acetylcholine in the brain stimulates responses that lead to dreaming.

Nadia frequently walks home without paying close attention to her route. This is an example of:

divided consciousness

Tom has the ability to pay attention in class, and screen out all the things that are going on around him; this is called

selective attention.

Uncle Fred has a disorder, which causes him to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. This is known as

narcolepsy

A circadian rhythm is

a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of Earth's rotation.

In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ________ content, and the underlying meaning of a dream is called its ________ content.

manifest; latent

The lightest sleep is done in _____ sleep.

stage 1

Dreams are most vivid during

REM sleep

Which of the following best describes REM sleep?

Sleep in which the brain becomes more active but muscle activity is blocked

Coca-Cola has been referred to as "the real thing" because

up until 1906 the formula for Coca-Cola had cocaine in it.

What is the most common sleep disorder?

insomnia

An absolute threshold is:

the smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect.

When Harold first enters his swimming pool, the water feels uncomfortably cold. Five minutes later, it feels comfortable to him. This is an example of:

sensory adaptation.

The process of sensation enables us to _________, where the process of perception enables us _________.

sense the world around us; make sense of the world around us

Which of the following are the chemical senses?

taste and smell

Tony observes an oval bowl on a table from several different perspectives. Although the image on his retina changes, he continues to perceive the bowl as oval. Tony's experience is an example of:

shape constancy

Receptors for which of the following are located deepest in the skin?

pressure

People who see only in black and white are called:

monochromats

Weber's law suggests that difference thresholds:

are a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

In the human eye, rods enable us to _________ and cones enable us to _____________.

see in dim light; detect colors

What is kinesthesis?

The sense that uses information from sensory receptors to let you know where your body parts are in relation to each other

Cathy takes three treatments of chemotherapy a week. At each session she brings along pleasant music to listen to during her treatment. Cathy is using which method of pain management?

distraction

Regarding extrasensory perception (ESP), which of the following statements is TRUE?

We lack compelling evidence to support the existence of any form of ESP.

The role of feature detectors is to:

respond to very simple stimuli such as a horizontal line.

Marlee's right eardrum was punctured in an accident when she was three years old. She is deaf in her right eardrum, but is helped with a hearing aid that amplifies sound waves. What type of deafness does Marlee have?

conduction

Just this morning, Brad studied the gate-control theory of pain in psychology class. Therefore, after tripping and scraping his knee on the way back to the dorm, he tried to apply the theory by:

creating a "bottleneck" by lightly rubbing the injured area.

In an attempt to reduce his high blood pressure, Raoul is attached to monitoring equipment that provides him with information about his physiological responses. This information gives him cues to help him learn strategies to control his disorder. Which technique is Raoul using?

biofeedback

Stroboscopic movement gives you the perception of:

apparent movement, like a "moving picture" when watching a film.

Sensory adaptation occurs when:

sensory systems become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

Various species emit chemical substances called ________ that play (an) important role(s) in ________.

pheromones; many behaviors

Bottom-up processing:

involves assembling specific features of shapes to form patterns.

This drug is considered the number one abused drug in the world.

alcohol

Trina arrived to Homer, Alaska to begin a new job. Yet when she got there at 11 p.m., the sun was just beginning to set. This would affect her

circadian rhythm.

If you were sleep deprived, which of the following would you expect to be affected?

Reaction time, concentration and memory

Alcohol is to ________ as caffeine is to ________.

depressant, stimulant

The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep is called:

sleep apnea

Binocular cues:

are depth cues that require the use of both eyes.

________ consists of limiting attention to certain stimuli and filtering out other stimuli.

Selective attention

Which term best captures the meaning of Gestalt?

whole