GA2 Quiz 5

What are the cranial meninges and where do they lie?

membranous coverings of brain that lie immediately internal to the cranium

What space do the cranial meninges enclose?

subarachnoid space

Functions of the cranial meninges include?

protect the brain

support framework of arteries/veins/sinuses

enclose subarachnoid space

How many layers of cranial meninges are there?

3

What are the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Where is the cranial dura adherent to?

periosteum of cranium and arachanoid mater

When does the space between the “dura and the cranium” and the space between the “dura and arachnoid mater” occur?

During bleeding/hemorrage

Is the cranial dura seen in the spine?

no it is not seen in spinal meninges

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

subarachnoid space

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Which mater is made up of thin, highly vascularized membrane of loose connective tissue?

pia mater

Does the pia mater carry blood vessels in it?

yes

Cerebral veins on the pia mater run where?

within the subarachnoid space

Which mater forms the tela choroidea?

Pia mater

What fuses to form the choroid plexus?

pia mater and ependyma

Which maters are also known as lepto-meninges?

arachnoid mater and pia mater

What do ependymal cells do?

line cavities and secrete CSF

Which mater is known as pachy-meninges?

dura mater

Which mater is composed of a delicate transparent membrane, composed of light tissue?

Arachnoid mater

What is the arachnoid meter and the dura meter separated by?

subdural interface (not a natural space)

What is the arachnoid mater in the pia mater separated by??

Subarachnoid space

What are the dilated portions of the subarachnoid space called?

cisterns

What do collections of arachnoid villi form?

Arachnoid granulations

What are the major sites of fluid transfer in the brain?

villi and granulations

Which mater is the most outer and toughest?

Dura Mater

What are the layers of the dura meter?

periosteal (not found in spine)

meningeal layer

What are the dural septa?

Four inwardly projecting septa or folds formed by the dura meter

What are the names of the dural septa?

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

When referring to the dural septa, what does falx refer to?

sickle-shaped

Which dural septa is described by “large sickle-shaped vertical partition in longitudinal fissure b/t two cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

Which dural septa is described by “wide, crescenteric arched fold that seperates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum”?

tentorium cerebelli

Which dural septa is described by “a small sickle-shaped, median dural fold in posterior cranial fossa b/t two cerebellar hemisphere”?

falx cerebelli

Which dural septa is described by “a small circular horizontal sheet forming a roof over sella turcica”?

diaphragma sellae

Falx cerebri anterior attachment and posterior attachment?

Anterior: frontal crest of frontal bone AND crista galli of ethmoid

Posterior: internal occipital protuberance

Tentorium cerebelli anterior, lateral, and posterolateral attachment?

Anterior: clinoid process of sphenoid

Posterolateral: internal surface of occipital bone and part of parietal bone

lateral: petrous part of temporal bone

Falx Cerebelli lies inferior to what?

tentorium cerebelli

Falx Cerebelli attached to what?

internal occipital crest

What is the second largest dural infolding?

tentorium cerebelli

What is the smallest dural infolding?

diaphragm sellae

What does the diaphragm sellae cover?

covers the pituitary gland

Superior saggital sinus is in superior margin of what dural septa?

falx cerebri

Inferior saggital sinus is in inferior margin of what dural septa?

falx cereberi

What does the straight sinus connect?

superior and inferior saggital sinus

Straight sinus location:

along attachment of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Transverse sinus location:

margin of tentorium cerebelli

Sigmoid sinus location:

groove of mastoid part of temporal bone

Path of sigmoid sinus:

continuation of transverse → continuous with bulb of IJV at jugular foramen

Confluence of sinus connects what sinuses?

superior saggital sinus

straight sinus

transverse sinus

occipital sinus

Occipital sinus communicates to what?

internal vertebral venous plexus

confluence of sinus

Smallest dural sinus?

occipital

Which sinus drains directly into the internal jugular vein?

inferior petrosal sinus

What sinus is located on each side of sella turcica and body of sphenoid bone?

cavernous sinus

What structures pass through cavernous sinus?

ICA and abducens n.

Location of confluence of sinus:

internal occipital protuberance

Superior petrosal sinus runs where?

superior edge of petrosal part of temporal

Sphenoparietal sinus runs where?

along lesser wing of sphenoid

What structures pass through lateral walls of cavernous sinus?

CN III

CN IV

V1 and V2

Basilar sinus connects what?

2 inferior petrosal sinuses

Basilar sinus communicates with what?

internal vertebral venous plexus

Which mater is sensitive to pain?

dura mater

Why do headaches occur?

stretching of dura mater

Tentorium cerebelli and posterior part of falx cerebri are supplied by what nerve?

tentorial branch of V1

Anterior part of falx cerebri are supplied by what nerve?

anterior meningeal branch of V1

Arteries and veins of dura mater is not included along with a lot of the sinus

look it up in notes

What are the parts of the brain?

cerebrum, diancephlon, cerebellum, brainstem

What parts does the diencephlon contain?

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pineal body

What parts does the brainstem have?

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

What part of brain connect brain to spinal cord?

brainstem

What is optic chiasma associated with?

circadian rhythm (change in day)

What is cerebellum associated with?

Coordination of motion

What is pineal body associated with?

secretion of melatonin

What is the largest and most upper division of the brain?

cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex consists of what?

right and left hemispheres

Each hemisphere of cerebral cortex is divided into how many lobes?

5

What are basal nuclei?

islands of grey matter deep within white matter of hemispheres

What do the globus pallidus and putamen form?

lentiform nucleus

What are the lobes of the brain?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

What seperates the frontal and parietal lobe of the brain?

central sulcus

What seperates the frontal and temporal lobe of the brian?

lateral fissue

What seperates the temporal and occipital lobe of the brian?

preoccipital notch

What seperates the parietal and occipital lobe of the brian?

superior end of parieto-occipital sulcus

Insula/island of reil facts:

deep to lateral fissue

primary gustatory reflex

visceral sensation and emotion

What does the ventricular system of the brain consist of?

two lateral ventricles and the midline of 4th and 3rd, connected by cerebral aqueduct

CSF is mostly secreted by what?

choroid plexus

lateral ventricles connect to 3rd ventricle how?

interventricular foramen

3rd ventricle is continuous with what posteroinferiorly to 4th ventricle?

cerebral aqueduct

Shape of 4th ventricle? and Location

pyramid shape; posterior part of pons and medulla

4th ventricle drains into what? through what?

subarachnoid space through single median apeture and paired lateral apertures

What is the main site of CSF absorption into venous system?

arachnoid granulations

What is obstructive hydrocephalus?

overproduction/obstruction/interferance of CSF absorption resulting in excess fluid in cerebral ventricles

What does obstructive hydrocephalus lead to?

enlargement of head

Main location of CSF obstruction?

cerebral aqueduct or interventricular foramen caused by nearby tumor of midbrain

CNS neurons are dependant on what?

aerobic metabolism

Brain is what percent of body weight? What percent of cardiac output

2%; 15%

Brain uses what percent of total avaliable oxygen?

20

Blood is supplied to brain by what two vessels?

ICA and vertebral a.

What parts does the ICA have?

cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral

What part of ICA gives off opthlamic a?

cerebral

ICA terminates into what branches?

anterior and middle cerebral

Anterior cerebral artery supplies what?

medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes and adjoining strip of cortex

portions of internal capsule and basal ganglia

anterior 4/5 of corpus collosum