unit 1-3 GRCC bio

Im cooked

basic science

seeks to add new knowledge to the field

applied science

seeks to use knowledge to solve a problem

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(1)

order-highly organized cells to complex systems(1)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(2)

response-reacts to stimuli in their environment(2) 

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(3)

reproduction-produce offspring(3)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(4)

Growth and development-increase in size and change throughout life cycle (4)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(5)

regulation-control their internal conditions(5)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(6)

Homeostasis-maintain stable internal environment(6)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(7)

Energy Processing- living things take and use energy(7)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(8)

adaptation-develop traits to help them survive their environment(8)

Identify and define the 9 characteristics of life(9)

Evolution-populations of living things change over time(9)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive (1)

Atom

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(2)

molecule(2)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(3)

macromolecule(3)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(4)

organelle/organoid(4)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(5)

cell(5)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(6)

 tissue(6)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(7)

organ(7)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(8)

organ system(8)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(9)

 organism(9)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(10)

population(10)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(11)

community

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(12)

ecosystem(12)

levels of biological organization from least complex to most inclusive(13)

biosphere(13)

Population

is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Community

all the different populations of various species that live and interact in a specific area

Ecosystem

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment(nonliving things)

Biosphere

-the global sum of all ecosystems representing the zone of life on earth

What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Eukaryote cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles while prokaryotes do not

Compare and contrast Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes

Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes in that they lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes posses both

What makes Archaea and bacteria different from eachother

differ in cell wall composition genetic material, and metabolic pathways. Archaea are also known to live in extreme environments.

Eukaryotes

umbrella includes protists, fungi, plants and animals with bigger and more complex cells

Taxonomy

group species based on shared characteristics

Phylogeny

 group species based on shared evolutionary history

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes (1)

Plantea- Photosynthesis(1)

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes(2)

fungi- absorbs nutrients from environments(2)

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes(3)

Amalia- eating and digesting other organisms(3)

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes(4)

Protists-Everything else

Whats an element?

 a pure substance that consists of entirely one type of atom

Whats an atom?

the smallest unit of matter

Essential element

is an element that any living thing cannot live without, without it is ceases to function properly

Trace element

 is an essential element required in small quantaties 

4 most common elements

oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

What is the charge of a proton? (1)

+1(1)

What is the mass of a proton?(1)

 Aprox 1 amu (1)

Where are protons found?(1)

Nucelus (1)

What is the charge of a Neutron? (2)

0 (2)

What is the mass of a Neutron? (2)

 approx 1 amu (2)

Where are Neutrons found?(2)

Nucleus (2)

What is the charge of an Electron?(3)

 -1 (no charge) (3)

Whats is the mass of a Electron (3)

negligible (3)

Where are Electrons found?(3)

 orbitals or energy levels surrounding the nucleus (3)

Isotopes

are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

How do isotopes define atomic mass numbers?

The atomic mass # is total number of protons and neutrons isotopes have varying numbers of neutrons changing the atomic number

where is the mass #?

Top

Where is the Atomic #

Bottom

How do you find neutrons?

mass number - atomic number

Valence electrons

are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Molecule

is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (H20)

Compound

 is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together (H20 is one of hydrogen and oxygen)

Chemical reaction

a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substances. This involves breaking and forming chemical bonds

Reactants

are the substances that are present at the beginning of a chemical reaction and are consumed during the reaction. They are the starting materials

Products

are the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction. They are the substance produced

Ionic

 One atom gives electrons to another, creating a “magnetic”attraction between them

Cation

 A “positive” ion. It happens when an atom loses an electron

Anion

 A “negative ion. It happens when an atom gains an electron

Covalent

Atoms stay together by sharing their electrons

nonpolar

both atoms are shared equally due to little differences in electronegativity

Polar

electrons are shared unequally; the more electronegative atom creates partial negative and positve charges

explain why water is a polar molecule?

Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen. Gives oxygen a slightly negative charge and hydrogen a slightly positive charge. This makes it so the hydrogen molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of another water molecule.

Hydrophobic

 are substances that dont mix well with water and are typically nonpolar

Hydrophilic

are substance that readily interact with and dissolve in water and are typically polar

When water is frozen, how is the structure of water affected at the molecular level?  Why does this result in water floating?

when water freezes, the molecules slow down, and the hydrogen bonds become more stable and ordered. They make all bonds possible with eachother and then are unable to move. This creates a structure with big gaps inbetween the molecules making it less dense than liquid water and floating to the top

Cohesion

water hydrogen bonds between water molecules- water transports in plants

Adhesion

Polarity allows attraction to other surfaces- water movement in plant xylem

High specific heat

energy used to break hydrogen bonds-homeostasis of body temperature

Less dense as a solid

hydrogen bonds form a rigid lattice- insulation of aquatic environments

 how many bonds does carbon form?

 four covalent bonds to achieve a stable octet configuration

Hydrocarbon

is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Aliphatic

organic compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in open rings that do not contain a benzene ring. And it could be saturated or unsaturated

Aromatic

contain one or more aromatic rings, most commonly a benzene ring

Structural isomers

 are isomers that have different connectivity of atoms. This means the atoms are bonded together in a different order

Geometric isomers

arise due torestricted rotation around a bond, typically a double bond or ina ring structure. They have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement

Cis isomers

have substitutes on the same side of the double bond ring

Trans isomers

have substitutes on opposite sides of the double bond or ring

Enantiomers

 are a type of stereoisomer that are non superimposable mirror images of eachother. They are the same but mirror images of eachother

Macromolecule

a large, complex organic molecule, such as protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, or lipid, typically formed by the polymerization of smaller subunits

Monomer

a small, basic molecule unit that serves as teh building block for larger structures

Polymer

A long, chain-like molecule composed of many repeating monomers linked together by covalent bonds

Dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other throught the loss of a water molecule; this process is responsible for building polymers and monomers

Hydolysis

a chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler one by the addition of a water molecules; this process is used to break down polymers into monomers

Name the monomer

monosaccharides can link together and form larger carbohydrates molecules (eg, glucose)

name the polymer

polysaccharides are formed form many monosaccharides (eg, starch, glycogen, cellulose)

whats the link between monomers and polymers

connects monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides is a glycogen bond (thought dehydration synthesis)

how are disaccharides formed?

 from two monosaccharides (eg, sucrose,lactose)

 functions of carbohydrates?

primary energy source, energy storage, structural components, and essential markers for cell-cell recognition and signaling

Monosaccarides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose. Serving as energy sources and building blocks for nucleic acids

Disaccarides

 sucrose (glucose+fructose), Lactose (Glucose+Galactose), and maltose (glucose+glucose). Which are energy sources and transport sugars.

sucrose

glucose + fructose

Lactose

glucose + galactose