Introduction to Physical Geography: Final Exam Review

which eon includes 85% of Earths history

precambrian

when was the "cambrian explosion"

550 mya

when did land plants develop

400 mya

when was the sulurian period

450 mya

when was the pennsylvanian period

300 mya

when was the "age of fish"

paleozoic era (devonian and silurian)

which is theorized to have caused the permian extinction

volcanoes

when was the rise of the appalachian mountains

250 mya

which geographical era includes the cambrian and devonian periods

paleozoic era

when was the jurassic period

150 mya

when did conifers dominate the planet

jurassic/tirassic periods (150-225 mya)

when was the "age of reptiles"

mesozoic era

hen was the laramide orogeny

cretateous period (100 mya)

when was the rise of the rocky mountains

cretateous (100 mya)

which geographical era includes the cretateous period

mesozoic era

which is theorized to have caused massive extinctions at the k-t boundary

asteroids

when do angiosperms dominate the landscape

tertiary period

when were the "ice ages"

pleistocene (2 mya)

when was the rise of the cascade mountains

holocene (10,000-present)

when is the "age of mammals"

cenozoic era

which geographical era includes the tertiary period

cenozoic era

we are living in the ___________ geological period

quarternary

which is a true representation of the earth

a globe

which is the most famous map projection

mercator

when was the mercator projection invented

1569

a satellite-based system for determining accurate positions on or near earths surface

GPS

_________ is based on a constellation of at least 24 high-altitude satellites configured so that a minimum of 4- preferably 6- are in view of any position on earth

GPS

__________ refers to any measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object under study

remote sensing

what revolutionized remote sensing

satellites

computer systems designed to display and analyze spatial data

GIS

GIS is frequently used in ________ analysis, in which 2 or more layers of data are superimposed or integrated

overlay

which is the proposed name for a new geological epoch

anthropocene

which is perhaps the clearest fingerprint humans have left on earth, in geological terms

presence of isotopes from nuclear weapons testing

how do conservation biologists locate and track przewalski horses

GPS satellite tracking. they put tracking collars on the horses

how does the geological survey of canada monitor coastal erosion in remote areas of the N.W.T

drones

_________ has one of the highest rates of deforestation

cambodia

NASA points to research that indicated increasing global _______ prices and land concession deals are largely to blame for cambodia's deforestation surge

rubber

NASA's images show a burgeoning ________ plantation appearing from what appears to once have been dense forest

rubber

cambodia also has a problem with illegal ________

logging

which space agency launched a flock of 104 satellites

satish dhawan space center (india)

which company manufactured miniature satellites called doves

planet labs based in san fran

which map projection was recently adopted by boston public schools

peters projection

why are many cartographers and map historians disappointed with boston public schools adoption of the peters projection

because there are many other map projections that are better than the mercator and peters

who wrote "the origin of continents and oceans" in 1915

alfred wegener

supercontinent that existed about 200 mya

pangea

who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960s

harry hess

when were hot spots theorized

1963

a __________ boundary is usually represented by mid-ocean ridge

divergent plate

who theorized the "supercontinent cycle"

j. tuzo wilson

which convergent plate boundary produces volcanic island arcs

oceanic-oceanic

a _______ small-to-medium mass of lithosphere- bounded on all sides by faults- that may have been carried a long distance by a moving plate, eventually to converge with the edge of another plate

terrane

which plate boundary is associated with continental volcanic arcs

convergent oceanic-continental

the location of the earths surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

epicenter

when was the richter scale invented

1935

seismic scale that measures earthquake intensity

modified mercalli intensity scale

magma extruded onto the earths surface is called _____

lava

a ______ can travel down a volcano at speeds of more than 160 km per hour, burning and burying everything in its path

pryclastic flow

which is the smallest volcanic mountain

cinder cone

which is the largest type of volcano

shield volcano

material carried or moving in a stream

stream load

size of stream load

competence

the general term for stream-deposited sediment is ______

alluvium

stream deposits are often ______ by size

sorted

the volume of flow a stream per unit of time

discharge

what are the x and y variables of a hydrograph

x= time y=discharge

what is the probability of a 10-year flood

10%

a flood that has a 1% probability of occurrence in any given year

100 year flood

what is the yearly probability of flooding on a 25-year flood plain

4%

what is the most common stream drainage pattern

dendritic

stream drainage pattern associated with regional faulting

rectangular

which stream drainage pattern is associated with folding

trellis

where is the city of austin offering home buyouts

onion and williamson creeks

what does the city of austin plan to do with the home buyouts

turn it into public parks

which is wave refraction

a wave changes direction as it approaches the shore due to the wave base striking the seafloor reducing the velocity in a sector of the wave

where is wave energy usually focused on an emergent coastline

headlands (point break)

what forms a spit

longshore current

what is the function of a jetty

confine the flow of water and keep sand out of navigation channels

the most widespread marine depositional feature is the _______

beaches

which is the driving force of mass movement

gravity

the simplest and most obvious form of mass wasting

fall

which is a rotational slide

downward and outward movement of a mass on top of a concave upward failure

the slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting

creep

which type of bedrock is most commonly associated with karst topography

limestone

which landscape features are associated with karst topography

sinkholes

long, slender speleothems that hand from the ceiling of a cavern

stalactite

where would you expect ti find tower karst

tropics

glaciers that develop individually high in the mountains

alpine glaciers

glacial processes by which rocks are grasped and dislodged by meltwater refreezing in the cracks of the rocks and then being dragged along by force of glacial movement

glacial erosion (abrasion and plucking)

unsorted glacial deposition

till

a ______ marks the place where an alpine glacial originated

cirque

long, sinuous ridges of stratified drift associated with continental glaciation are called ___________

eskers

a _____ is a ridge of till that marks the maximum advance of a glacier

terminal meraine

where was one person reported missing due to flooding

central texas (fort hood)

where were 50 people rescued from flood waters

san marcos

where was a hotel buried by an avalanche

rome, italy

how many people were killed by an avalanche that buried the italian hotel

29

where did mudslides destroy 14,000 homes, leave 150,000 people homeless and kill more than 100 people

peru

who were most severely impacted by the mudslides in lima, peru

people who lived in the flood plains (or Barba Blanca people)

when is landslide season in peru

the first quarter of every year (jan to march)

what triggered a landslide in indonesia

heavy rain