(A) Canine and Feline Muscular Disorders

what is a

temporalis muscle

what is b

masseter muscle

define trismus

the inability to open your mouth

define mastication

chewing

Chewing muscles contain what are called type — muscle fibers, which occur — in the body.

2M, nowhere else

Masticatory Muscle Myositis arises when

the immune system inappropriately attacks these 2M muscle fibers

Masticatory Muscle Myositis is aka

eosinophilic myositis

Masticatory Muscle Myositis is common in what dogs (4)

1. German Shepherd Dogs

2. Retrievers

3. Dobermans

4. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Masticatory Muscle Myositis is common in what age

3 yrs

clinical signs of the acute stage of Masticatory Muscle Myositis (7)

1. Swelling of the muscles of mastication

2. Pain

3. Fever

4. Enlarged lymph nodes

5. Inappetence

6. difficulty opening the jaw

7. exophthalmos

define exophthalmos

bulging or protruding eyes where one or both eyeballs push forward out of their normal position in the eye socket

clinical signs of the chronic stage of Masticatory Muscle Myositis (5)

1. Severe atrophy of the muscles of mastication

2. Difficulty eating

3. Difficulty opening mouth

4. anorexia

5. weight loss

how to diagnose Masticatory Muscle Myositis (2)

1. Can confirm with muscle biopsy

2. Serum titre

in Masticatory Muscle Myositis Manual jaw opening under general anesthesia is not recommended because …

of the risk of iatrogenic fracture

how to treat Masticatory Muscle Myositis

1. steroids

2. suppression of the immune system

3. high doses of corticosteroids

define Polymyositis

Polymyositis is an immune-mediated, inflammatory myopathy of the appendicular muscles.

what dog breeds are predisposed to Polymyositis (2)

Newfoundlands and Boxers

clinical signs of Polymyositis (18)

1. Weakness seen with exercise

2. shaky seen with exercise

3. just lay down seen with exercise

4. refusal seen with exercise

5. Painful muscles

6. May see intermittent lameness

7. Anorexia

8. Hyperesthesia

9. Fever

10. Regurgitation

11. Voice change

12. Weight loss

13. lethargy

14. myalgia

15. muscle swelling

16. muscular atrophy

17. dysphagia

18. dyspnea

define Hyperesthesia

increased sensitivity to senses.

how to diagnose Polymyositis (8)

1. Muscle biopsy

2. CK (creatine kinase) may be increased

3. AST may be increased

4. CBC to rule out other abnormalities

5. chem to rule out other abnormalities

6. U/A to rule out other abnormalities

7. 2M antibody test

8. electromyography

what is being looked for in a muscle biopsy for Polymyositis (5)

1. confirming polymyositis

2. myonecrosis

3. lymphoplasmacytic perimuscular infiltration

4. phagocytosis

5. fiber regeneration.

what does CK stand for

creatine kinase

define electromyography

measures electrical activity in muscles

how to treat (2)

1. steroids

2. Glucocorticoids

define feline Hypokalemic Polymyopathy

a generalized metabolic muscle-weakness disorder in cats

what causes feline Hypokalemic Polymyopathy (9)

1. Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia)

2. Often seen in chronic renal disease

3. Hyperthyroidism in cats

4. Low potassium levels in diet

5. Hyperaldosteronism

6. Fluid overload

7. Chronic vomiting

8. +/- diarrhea

9. Potassium wasting diuretics

clinical signs of feline Hypokalemic Polymyopathy (7)

1. Ventral flexion of neck

2. Weakness

3. Stiff, stilted gait

4. Anorexia

5. Muscle pain

6. respiratory paralysis

7. rhabdomyolysis

define rhabdomyolysis

a serious medical condition where damaged muscle tissue breaks down rapidly, releasing harmful proteins and electrolytes into the bloodstream

how to diagnose feline Hypokalemic Polymyopathy (5)

1. Decreased serum potassium levels

2. Low USG

3. Increased creatinine and CK values

4. Abdominal ultrasound to evaluate the adrenal glands

5. Elevated T4 if hyperthyroidism is present

how to treat feline Hypokalemic Polymyopathy (3)

1. Potassium

2. Monitor to prevent recurrence

3. Treat underlying condition

define myopathy

diseases of muscle

Most common types of myopathy (3)

1. Inflammatory myopathy

2. Immune-mediated myopathy

3. Acquired myopathy

Inflammatory myopathy is commonly associated with (3)

1. Bite wounds

2. Trauma

3. Contamination related to surgery