Non-Parametric Evaluation and Qualitative Research Flashcards

Flashcards on Non-Parametric Evaluation and Qualitative Research

Non-Parametric Tests

Require fewer assumptions and conditions compared to parametric statistics. Used when data violates parametric assumptions, notably when not normally distributed.

Normality Test

Used to determine if a distribution is non-normal. Examples include Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro-Wilk.

Nominal Variable

A variable with no inherent order or ranking. Categories have no numerical relationship.

Ordinal Variable

A variable where categories can be ranked, but the intervals between ranks are not necessarily equal.

Interval Variable

A variable with numerically equal distances between points, associated with parametric data.

Ratio Variable

An interval variable with a true zero point, indicating the absence of the measured quantity.

Chi-Square Test (χ2)

Used to compare the distribution of one sample to a hypothetical distribution; frequencies represent individual counts/events in mutually exclusive categories.

Null Hypothesis (H0) in Chi-Square

States that no difference exists between the observed and expected counts.

Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Rank Test

Accounts for direction and magnitude of difference between samples in paired or pre/post data.

Sign Test

Accounts only for the direction of difference between samples (more or less, higher or lower).

Friedman 2-way ANOVA

Used with 3 or more related samples.

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Used with 3 or more unrelated samples.

Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient

Measures the degree of relationship between two ordinal variables.

Qualitative Research

Focuses on experiences, developing concepts, explaining behavior, and using data to provide direction in natural settings.

Quantitative Research

Tests hypotheses, predicts events, controls behaviors, and uses specific variables and time points in controlled settings.

Phenomenology

Describing individual experience of phenomena

Ethnography

Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people

Narrative Inquiry

Describing people's lives and stories to add to understanding

Case Study

Addresses research questions through in-depth analysis

Grounded Theory

Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon

Case Report

Complete perspective of an individual, detailing unique findings or therapeutic interventions.

Narrative/Life History

Chronological sequence of a person’s perceptions and experiences, including self-disclosures and biographical information.

Ethnography

Systematic study of individual cultures, involving long-term association and participation by the researcher.

Grounded Theory

Researcher simultaneously collects, codes, and analyzes data; theory is grounded in observations and constantly refined.

Physical Traces

Erosion and deposits

Written Materials

Records, protocols, etc.